Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION Section A PARTNERSHIP Getachew Alem Ethiopia WATSAN projects: NGOs' experience in Ethiopia Andrew Chalinder and Ms Tlamelo M Kedikilwe Botswana New challenges and innovative partnerships Michael Wood UK Partnership changes in rural water supply Section B SANITATION S. Banister, Burke, Sekeitto, Mvulane, Bakainaga and Freeman Evaluation of composting latrines M. Chidavaenzi, M. Jere and M. Bradley Zimbabwe Pit latrine effluent infiltration into groundwater U. Heinss, M. Strauss and S.A. Lartnie Switzerland Tons of excreta and ways to treat them Guy Howard UK Strategic approaches to urban sanitation David Still and Richard Holden South Africa Towards sustainable sanitation in South Africa Section C COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT A.D. Kirkwood Angola Standpipe maintenance in Luanda, Angola Festus Kwame Kwadzokpo Ghana Community-based O&M challenges Siphokazi Mpahla and Andrew MacDonell South Africa Community decisions on Mvula Trust projects Loveness Mpanje and Mrs Linda Milazi Malawi Community management of rural water supply Ms Thoko Sigwaza South Africa Community participation in Qadi-Nyuswa project Warren Smit and Norah Walker South Africa Community involvement in local area maintenance South Africa Section D WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT R.S. Al-Khalili, J. P. Sutherlaiid and G. K. Folkard UK Filtration with a natural coagulant V. Chipofya, G. McConnachie, A. Warhurst, E. Patey and H. Ridgeon UK Odour testing using moringa carbon 64 A. Gadgil, A. Drescher, D. Greene, P. Miller, C. Motau and F. Stevens USA Field-testing UV disinfection of drinking water 67 Gumbo Bekithemba Zimbabwe Integrated water quality management in Harare Hielke Wolters and Godfrey Mwiinga Zambia Potentials of roughing filtration in Zambia ' Section E SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT P.B. Majura Zambia Refuse management problems in Lusaka, Zambia J.H. van der Merwe and I. Steyl South Africa Rural solid waste in the Western Cape Sy Daiig Thi, Michael R. Digrigorio and Binh Nguyen Thanh Vietnam Hospital waste in Hanoi Section F FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT David A'Bear and Don Crawford South Africa The flip-cheque financial control system L. Duncker South Africa The question of sustainability J.A. van der Linde Sotith Africa Hermanus water conservation programme Hassan Mohammed and Nasser Yakubu Nigeria Towards affordable water supply Section G WATER SUPPLY Joseph Sainu Bockarie Botswana Development, operation and maintenance of RWS M.J. Clanahan Sotlth Africa Sand abstraction systems S.W. Hussey Zimbabwe Small-scale 'sand abstraction' systems H.O. Onek and S.M. Kayaga Uganda Water utilities research: NWSC, Uganda Section H HYGIENE, HEALTH AND GENDER Nancy Cosway and Margaret Issaka Ghana Women and water supply - a partnership Diana E. Makule Tanzania Water and sanitation - gender perspective Bilkisu Omar Odekina Nigeria Integrated rural development: Women involvement Betty Yankson, F. Mawuena Dotse and Nii Odai Laryea Ghana Integrating gender issues into water programmes Section I INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Mrs V. Jansen and A. Austin South Africa Educational tools for infrastructural development N.A. MacDougall and F.N. Mwaura Kenya Commercializing local government water departments Nathi Mncwabe and Aubrey Mokoatsi South Africa Rural local government in KwaZulu-Natal Section J WATER RESOURCES Celia Kirby UK Shallow aquifer water quality risks Erik Nissen-Petersen Kenya Water from sand-rivers Sharon Pollard and Anton Simanowitz Sotith Africa Environmental flow requirements: A social dimension Chris Print Somaliland Subsurface dam for a pastoral environment Section K MISCELLANEOUS S.W. Gillham South Africa Drought relief in rural KwaZulu-Natal Paul Larcher WEDC Emergency water supplies for transient populations

About the Author

John Pickford (1927-2006) founded the Water Engineering and Development Centre at Loughborough University 40 years ago.

Reviews

"This report is truly comprehensive. It looks at existing levels of provision in cities and smaller towns in each of the world's regions, providing concrete examples that highlight both the similarities and the local specificities of inadequate provision."--Environment and Urbanization

'In a rapidly urbanizing world, the battle for water and sanitation will have to be fought in human settlements, particularly in slums and shanties of the growing urban areas of developing countries. Achieving these avowed goals will remain a distant dream if we do not focus on the slums of Nairobi, the bustees of Calcutta and the favelas of Rio. The analytical work in this report and its key finding - that local solutions are key to achieving global goals - should provide a valuable input to the work of the Millennium Task Force."--Anna Kajumulo Tinaijuka, Under-Secretary-General, United Nations, and Executive Director, UN-HABITAT

"This is surely the most impressive and important publication to come out of the UN system for many years. It brings together 20 years of evidence from attempts to build the foundations of public health in the developing world -- hygiene, sanitation and water supply -- and shapes that evidence into the lessons and insights that show the way forward."--Peter Adamson, founder, New Internationalist, and author and researcher of UNICEF's The State of the World's Children from 1980 to 1995