What is the public value of poetry? How do poets envisage their own role and function within society? How do we? Do poets seek to shape public opinion and behaviour? Should they? Or do they offer alternatives--perhaps sacred alternatives--to political and religious ideologies? Are they what Shelley in 1821 called 'the unacknowledged legislators of the World'? And what might that mean?During the decades immediately preceding the Revolution of
1789 the status of contemporary poetry in France was at its lowest ebb. At the same time the perceived power of the writer to influence public events reached a high-water mark with Voltaire's triumphant
return to Paris in 1778. In the course of the next century French poetry enjoyed an extraordinary renaissance and flowering, perhaps its greatest. But what of the poet's public influence? In 1881 the people of Paris processed for six hours past the home of Victor Hugo on the occasion of his 79th birthday, and in 1885 an estimated two million people witnessed his state funeral. But who or what were they acknowledging? Poetry or republicanism? Or perhaps their own power? For with each Revolution
that passed--1789, 1830, 1848--French poets themselves felt increasingly marginalised.This study addresses the first part of this story and focuses on the role and function of the
poet during the so-called Romantic Period. Beginning with an account of the literary climate in pre-revolutionary France it then maps the changes in that climate wrought by the events of the 1789 Revolution. It describes the new politico-literary agendas set by Chateaubriand and others on the monarchist Right, and by Staël and others on the liberal Left. Against this background it then analyses in detail the poetic output and public exploits of the three major French poets of the period:
Lamartine, Hugo, and Vigny.The Romantic figure of the poet as prophet and magus is habitually dismissed as a cliché. But by focusing on the role of the poet as lawgiver this book
reveals the rich and complex terms in which the public function of poetry was debated in post-revolutionary France - and how amidst the centenary celebrations of 1889, as Romanticism gave way to Symbolism, the poet as lawgiver continued to play a central part in that debate.
What is the public value of poetry? How do poets envisage their own role and function within society? How do we? Do poets seek to shape public opinion and behaviour? Should they? Or do they offer alternatives--perhaps sacred alternatives--to political and religious ideologies? Are they what Shelley in 1821 called 'the unacknowledged legislators of the World'? And what might that mean?During the decades immediately preceding the Revolution of
1789 the status of contemporary poetry in France was at its lowest ebb. At the same time the perceived power of the writer to influence public events reached a high-water mark with Voltaire's triumphant
return to Paris in 1778. In the course of the next century French poetry enjoyed an extraordinary renaissance and flowering, perhaps its greatest. But what of the poet's public influence? In 1881 the people of Paris processed for six hours past the home of Victor Hugo on the occasion of his 79th birthday, and in 1885 an estimated two million people witnessed his state funeral. But who or what were they acknowledging? Poetry or republicanism? Or perhaps their own power? For with each Revolution
that passed--1789, 1830, 1848--French poets themselves felt increasingly marginalised.This study addresses the first part of this story and focuses on the role and function of the
poet during the so-called Romantic Period. Beginning with an account of the literary climate in pre-revolutionary France it then maps the changes in that climate wrought by the events of the 1789 Revolution. It describes the new politico-literary agendas set by Chateaubriand and others on the monarchist Right, and by Staël and others on the liberal Left. Against this background it then analyses in detail the poetic output and public exploits of the three major French poets of the period:
Lamartine, Hugo, and Vigny.The Romantic figure of the poet as prophet and magus is habitually dismissed as a cliché. But by focusing on the role of the poet as lawgiver this book
reveals the rich and complex terms in which the public function of poetry was debated in post-revolutionary France - and how amidst the centenary celebrations of 1889, as Romanticism gave way to Symbolism, the poet as lawgiver continued to play a central part in that debate.
Prologue
Introduction: The Poet and the Law
1: Unacknowledged Legislators
2: The Poet as Lawgiver in Post-Revolutionary France
II Avant le déluge (1750-1789)
3: Towards a Happy Revolution
III Après le déluge: Chateaubriand's Melancholy
4: Revolution, Religion, and Poetry
5: Politics and Writing
IV Après le déluge: Staël's Enthusiasm
6: The Woman Writer as Lawgiver
7: The Woman Writer as Lawgiver
8: The Lawgiver as Novelist: 'Delphine' (1802)
9: The Lawgiver as Poet and Outlaw: 'Corinne' (1807)
10: The Lawgiver as Poet: 'De l'Allemagne' (1810/1813)
11: Poetry as Self-Legislation
V Left or Right?
12: Poetry after the Revolution
VI Lamartine's Murmur: Poetry, Politics, and Prayer
13: The Poet as Lawgiver
14: The Poet as Politician
15: The Poet at Prayer
VII Hugo's Intimacy: The Private, the Public, and the Visionary
16: Private or Public?
17: Olympio
18: The Poet as Lawgiver and Visionary
19: The Poet as Genius and Promontory
VIII Vigny's Elixir: Pity, Enmity, Posterity
20: A Purpose for Sadness: 'Poèmes antiques et modernes' (1826)
21: Poets and their Enemies
22: Words of Honour: 'Les Destinées. Poèmes philosophiques'
(1838-1864)
23: Afterlives: 'Daphné' and the Poetry of the Future
IX Conclusion: Beyond Melancholy, or a Ministry of Poets
24: 1789 and after
25: 14 July 1889
Epilogue
Roger Pearson is a Professor of French at the University of Oxford
and Fellow and Tutor in French at the Queen's College, Oxford. His
research is focused on French literature of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, and his publications include monographs on
Stendhal, Voltaire, and Mallarmé, as well as translations of
Voltaire, Zola, and Maupassant. This book marks completion of the
first part of a research project on the Poet as Lawgiver in
Nineteenth-Century France, for which he was awarded a Major
Leverhulme Research Fellow (2009-11). He is a Fellow of the British
Academy.
As rewarding as it is demanding, Unacknowledged Legislators, with
its constant challenge to us to rethink poetry, will be essential
reading for anyone to whom nineteenth-century French poetry
matters, and a satisfying exploration for all those interested in
poetry of any place or time.
*Rosemary Lloyd, Times Literary Supplement*
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