Table of Contents

Contributorsxi

Prefacexxv

Abbreviationsxxvii

Volume One

SECTION 1

Cardiovascular Disease: Past, Present, and Future

1.A History of the Cardiac Diseases, and

the Development of Cardiovascular Medicine

as a Specialty3

Robert A. Harrington, Mark E. Silverman, and Charles F. Wooley

2.The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases19

Catherine P. Benziger, Andrew E. Moran, and Gregory A. Roth

3.Assessing and Improving the Quality of Care

in Cardiovascular Medicine52

Yashashwi Pokharel and John A. Spertus

SECTION 2

Foundations of Cardiovascular Medicine

4.Functional Anatomy of the Heart67

Joseph F. Malouf, Joseph J. Maleszewski, A. Jamil Tajik, and James B. Seward

5.Normal Physiology of the

Cardiovascular System101

Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Brian D. Hoit, Richard A. Walsh, Valentin Fuster, and Borja Ibanez

6.Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Heart125

Roger J. Hajjar, Kiyotake Ishikawa, and Thomas Thum

7.Biology of the Vessel Wall144

Hillary Johnston-Cox, Valentin Fuster, and Jason C. Kovacic

8.Molecular and Cellular Development

of the Heart161

Miguel Torres and Silvia Martín-Puig

9.Genetic Basis of Cardiovascular Disease174

Eloisa Arbustini, Valentina Favalli, Nupoor Narula, Eliana Disabella, and Maurizia Grasso

v

10.Stem Cells and the Cardiovascular System205

Karim Sallam and Joseph C. Wu

SECTION 3

Evaluation of the Patient

11.The History, Physical Examination, and

Cardiac Auscultation225

William R. Miranda and Rick A. Nishimura

12.Surface Electrocardiography252

Antoni Bayés de Luna, Diego Goldwasser, Miquel Fiol, and Antoni Bayés-Genis

13.Electrocardiographic Exercise Testing318

Gregory S. Thomas and Myrvin H. Ellestad

14.Cardiac Radiography335

Geoffrey D. Rubin

15.Echocardiography353

Thomas H. Marwick, Anthony N. DeMaria, Daniel G. Blanchard, and William A. Zoghbi

16.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart433

W. Gregory Hundley, Christopher M. Kramer, and Javier Sanz

17.Computed Tomography of the Heart469

Amir Ahmadi, Jagat Narula, and Jonathon Leipsic

18.Nuclear Cardiology499

Daniel S. Berman, Rory Hachamovitch, Leslee J. Shaw, Sean W. Hayes, Piotr J. Slomka, Guido Germano,

and Jagat Narula

19.Positron Emission Tomography

in Heart Disease553

K. Lance Gould, Heinrich Schelbert, and Jagat Narula

20.Cardiac Catheterization, Cardiac Angiography, and Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure

Measurements606

Morton J. Kern and Arnold H. Seto

21.Coronary Intravascular Imaging657

Christos V. Bourantas, Yoshinobu Onuma, Renu Virmani, Jagat Narula, and Patrick W. Serruys

22.Magnetic Resonance Imaging

and Computed Tomography of the

Vascular System686

Marc R. Dweck, Michelle C. Williams, Prakash Krishnan, Valentin Fuster, Jagat Narula, and Zahi A. Fayad

viContents

SECTION 4

Systemic Arterial Hypertension

23.Epidemiology of Hypertension703

Nathan D. Wong and Stanley S. Franklin

24.Pathophysiology of Hypertension720

John E. Hall, Joey P. Granger, Daniel W. Jones, and Michael E. Hall

25.Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension751

Lawrence R. Krakoff

SECTION 5

Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

26.The Metabolic Syndrome767

Michael A. Via and Jeffrey I. Mechanick

27.Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease776

W. Timothy Garvey and Jeffrey I. Mechanick

28.Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease789

Michael E. Farkouh, Elliot J. Rayfield, and Valentin Fuster

29.Hyperlipidemia817

Robert S. Rosenson and Scott M. Grundy

SECTION 6

Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases

30.Epidemiology of Smoking and Pathophysiology

of Cardiovascular Damage849

Sunil K. Agarwal, Petra Maslov, Jagat Narula, and Valentin Fuster

31.Preventing and Mitigating Smoking-Related

Heart Disease860

Sara Kalkhoran and Stanton Glantz

SECTION 7

Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease

32.Atherothrombosis: Disease Burden, Activity,

and Vulnerability871

Erling Falk and Valentin Fuster

33.Coronary Thrombosis: Local

and Systemic Factors880

Juan Jose Badimon, Borja Ibanez, Valentin Fuster, and Lina Badimon

34.Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial

Ischemia893

K. Lance Gould, Henry Gewirtz, and Jagat Narula

35.Nonobstructive Atherosclerotic and Nonatherosclerotic Coronary

Heart Disease923

David E. Winchester and Carl J. Pepine

36.Definitions of Acute Coronary Syndromes946

Usman Baber, David Holmes, Jonathan Halperin, and Valentin Fuster

37.Pathology of Myocardial Infarction

and Sudden Death954

Maria E. Romero, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Elena Ladich, Valentin Fuster, Borja Ibanez, and Renu Virmani

38.Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury977

Borja Ibanez, Gerd Heusch, David García-Dorado, Valentin Fuster, and Derek Yellon

39.Evaluation and Management of Non–ST-Segment Elevation

Myocardial Infarction995

David J. Moliterno and James L. Januzzi, Jr.

40.ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction  ... 1017

Manesh R. Patel, Mandeep Singh, Bernard J. Gersh, and William O’Neill

41.Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy

in Acute Coronary Syndromes1055

Dominick J. Angiolillo, Gregory R. Giugliano, Daniel I. Simon, and Roxana Mehran

42.Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Acute Myocardial Infarction

and Acute Coronary Syndromes1109

William O’Neill, Cindy Grines, and George Dangas

43.The Evaluation and Management

of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease1132

Bradley A. Maron, Bernard J. Gersh, and Patrick T. O’Gara

44.Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

and Percutaneous Interventions in Stable

Ischemic Heart Disease1160

Michael E. Farkouh, Samin K. Sharma, Matthew I. Tomey, John Puskas,

and Valentin Fuster

45.Rehabilitation of the Patient with Coronary

Heart Disease1173

Mary Ann McLaughlin

Contentsvii

SECTION 8

Valvular Heart Disease

46.Acute Rheumatic Fever1187

Liesl Zühlke, Jagat Narula, and Jonathan R. Carapetis

47.Aortic Valve Disease1196

Blase A. Carabello and Rebecca T. Hahn

48.Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease1215

Javier G. Castillo, David H. Adams, Blasé A. Carabello, and Partho P. Sengupta

49.Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation1238

John D. Groarke, Blasé A. Carabello, and Patrick T. O’Gara

50.Mitral Stenosis1248

Vinay K. Bahl, Ravi S. Math, and Blasé A. Carabello

51.Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease1260

Joanna Y. Chikwe and Javier G. Castillo

52.Prosthetic Heart Valves1277

Joanna Chikwe and Javier G. Castillo

53.Antithrombotic Therapy for Valvular

Heart Disease1300

Vinay K. Bahl and Ravi S. Math

54.Management of Mixed Valvular

Heart Disease1310

Blasé A. Carabello

Volume Two

SECTION 9

Congenital Heart Disease

55.Mendelian Basis of Congenital and Other Cardiovascular Diseases1319

Ali J. Marian, Ramon Brugada, and Robert Roberts

56.Congenital Heart Disease in Adolescents

and Adults1363

Jeannette P. Lin, Jamil A. Aboulhosn, and John S. Child

SECTION 10

Myocardial, Pericardial, and Endocardial Diseases

57.Classification of Cardiomyopathies1397

Jagat Narula, Barry J. Maron, Navneet Narula, and Eloisa Arbustini

58.Dilated Cardiomyopathy1408

Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli,

G.William Dec, and Jagat Narula

59.Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies1443

Luís R. Lopes and Perry M. Elliott

60.Left Ventricular Noncompaction1465

Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli, Nupoor Narula, and Maurizia Grasso

61.Restrictive Heart Diseases1482

Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli,

G.William Dec, Giovanni Palladini, and Jagat Narula

62.Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy1509

Srinivas R. Dukkipati, Peter J. Mohler, Lorenzo Paolo Giuliani, Valentina Favalli, Jagat Narula, and Eloisa Arbustini

63.Myocarditis1528

Eloisa Arbustini, Manuela Agozzino, Valentina Favalli, and Jagat Narula

64.The Athlete and the Cardiovascular

System1561

N. A. Mark Estes III, Mark S. Link, and Barry J. Maron

65.Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Pathophysiology and Clinical

Implications1571

Joshua M. Stolker, Dae H. Kim, and Michael W. Rich

66.Pericardial Diseases1594

William R. Miranda, Massimo Imazio, Kevin L. Greason, John M. Stulak, and Jae K. Oh

67.   Infective Endocarditis ....................... 1621

Joseph S. Alpert and Stephen A. Klotz

SECTION 11

Heart Failure

68.Pathophysiology of Heart Failure.............. 1651

Hanna K. Gaggin and G. William Dec

69.The Epidemiology of Heart Failure ............ 1674

Deepak K. Gupta, Charlotte Andersson, Ramachandran S. Vasan, and Thomas J. Wang

70.The Diagnosis and Management of

Chronic Heart Failure ....................... 1690

Tariq Ahmad, Javed Butler, and Barry Borlaug

71.Evaluation and Management of Acute

Heart Failure ...............................  1726

Michelle Weisfelner Bloom, Robert T. Cole, and Javed Butler

viiiContents

72.   Cardiac Transplantation ..................... 1746

Michelle M. Kittleson, Jignesh K. Patel, and Jon A. Kobashigawa

73.  Mechanically Assisted Circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768

Joseph G. Rogers, Chetan B. Patel, and Carmelo A. Milano

SECTION 12

Cardiopulmonary Disease

74.   Pulmonary Hypertension .................... 1785

Lewis J. Rubin

75.   Pulmonary Embolism ....................... 1809

Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Victor Tapson, Valentin Fuster, and Borja Ibanez

76.Cor Pulmonale: The Heart in Parenchymal

Lung Disease...............................  1835

Ori Ben-Yehuda

77.Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Cardiac

Disease ....................................  1841

Martin R. Cowie

SECTION 13

Rhythm and Conduction Disorders

78.Electrophysiologic Anatomy  ................. 1865

Jonathan P. Piccini, Siew Yen Ho, and Anton E. Becker

79.Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias

and Conduction Disturbances ................ 1881

Peng-Sheng Chen and Charles Antzelevitch

80.Genetics of Channelopathies and Clinical  Implications  ...............................  1910

Silvia G. Priori and Carlo Napolitano

81.Approach to the Patient with

Cardiac Arrhythmias........................  1923

Sanjiv M. Narayan and David E. Krummen

82.Invasive Diagnostic Electrophysiology ......... 1938

Dinesh Sharma and Srinivas R. Dukkipati

83.Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter,

and Atrial Tachycardia....................... 1950

Eric N. Prystowsky, Jonathan Halperin, and Peter Kowey

84.Supraventricular Tachycardia: Atrial Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry,

and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome  ........ 1967

Hugh Calkins

85.   Ventricular Arrhythmias.....................  1983

Jason S. Bradfield, Noel G. Boyle, and Kalyanam Shivkumar

86.   Bradyarrhythmias  .......................... 2006

Pugazhendhi Vijayaraman and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen

87.   Antiarrhythmic Drugs.......................  2029

Joshua M. Arkin, Colleen Hanley, Gan-Xin Yan, and Peter R. Kowey

88.Catheter-Ablative Techniques  ................ 2047

Amit Noheria, Abhishek J. Deshmukh, Christopher McLeod, and Samuel J. Asirvatham

89.Pacemakers and Defibrillators ................ 2066

Gaurav A. Upadhyay and Jagmeet P. Singh

90.Diagnosis and Management of Syncope ........ 2098

Blair P. Grubb

91.   Sudden Cardiac Death....................... 2113

Jonathan W. Waks and Mark E. Josephson

92.   Cardiopulmonary and Cardiocerebral

Resuscitation  ..............................  2144

Eyal Herzog, Lee Herzog, and Emad Aziz

SECTION 14

Diseases of the Great Vessels and Peripheral Vessels

93.   Diseases of the Aorta ........................ 2157

John A. Elefteriades, Jeffrey W. Olin,   Jonathan L. Halperin, and Bulat A. Ziganshin

94.  Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurologic Manifestations of Heart Disease............... 2195

Megan C. Leary, Jeffrey S. Veluz, and Louis R. Caplan

95.   Carotid Artery Stenting...................... 2222

Sriram Iyer, Gary Roubin, and Jeffrey W. Olin

96.Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Peripheral Arteries..........................  2248

Kevin P. Cohoon, Paul W. Wennberg, and Thom W. Rooke

97.Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Peripheral Venous System.................... 2261

Daniella Kadian-Dodov and Jeffrey W. Olin

SECTION 15

Miscellaneous Conditions and Cardiovascular Disease

98.Perioperative Evaluation for

Noncardiac Surgery ......................... 2275

Daniel Alyesh and Kim Eagle

Contentsix

 99.Anesthesia and the Patient with

Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2284

David L. Reich, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, and Joel A. Kaplan

100.Rheumatologic Diseases and the

Cardiovascular System   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2293

Parisa Azizad-Pinto and Victor F. Tapson

101.The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients

with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2308

Gagan Sahni, Tiziano Scarabelli, and Edward T. H. Yeh

102.HIV/AIDS and the Cardiovascular

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2328

William Lewis and Peter F. Currie

103.  Heart Disease in Pregnancy   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2345

Dan G. Halpern, Amy Sarma, Katherine E. Economy, and Anne Marie Valente

104.  Traumatic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2364

T. Bruce Ferguson, Jr.

105. The Kidney in Heart Disease   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2369

Bjorn Redfors, Rushad Dordi, and Ori Ben-Yehuda

106.Exercise in Health and Cardiovascular

Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2388

Gerald F. Fletcher, Thomas R. Flipse, and Robert E. Safford

SECTION 16

Populations and Social Determinants of Cardiovascular  Disease

107.Social Determinants of Cardiovascular

Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2401

Holly G. Atkinson

108.Women and Ischemic Heart Disease:

An Evolving Saga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2414

Leslee J. Shaw, Pamela Charney, and Nanette K. Wenger

109.Race, Ethnicity, and Cardiovascular Disease     .   . . .  2434

George A. Mensah and Patrice Desvigne-Nickens

110.  Environment and Heart Disease   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2449

Philip J. Landrigan and Kimberly Morland

111.Behavioral     Cardiology:     Epidemiology,   Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management      .   .   .   . 2459

Alan Rozanski

112.Economics and Cost-Effectiveness

in Cardiology   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2472

Daniel B. Mark

Index     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  I1–I78

About the Author

Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, MACC, FAHA (New York, NY)  serves The Mount Sinai Medical Hospital as Physician-in-Chief, as well as Director of Mount Sinai Heart, the Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health. He is also the Richard Gorlin, MD/Heart Research Foundation Professor, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.  Dr. Fuster was the President of Science and is now the General Director of the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) in Madrid, Spain and also and Chairman of the SHE Foundation (Science for Health and Education).

The innumerable positions he has held include those of President of the American Heart Association, President of the World Heart Federation, member of the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences (where he chaired the Committee for the document on "promotion of cardiovascular health worldwide), member of the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and President of the Training Program of the American College of Cardiology.

Robert A. Harrington, MD, FACC, FAHA (Stanford, CA) is an interventional cardiologist and Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Stanford University. He was previously the Richard Sean Stack, MD, Distinguished Professor and the Director of the Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI) at Duke University. His research interests include evaluating antithrombotic therapies to treat acute ischemic heart disease and to minimize the acute complications of percutaneous coronary procedures; studying the mechanism of disease of the acute coronary syndromes; understanding the issue of risk stratification in the care of patients with acute ischemic coronary syndromes; building local, national, and international collaborations for the efficient conduct of innovative clinical research; and trying to better understand and improve upon the methodology of clinical trials.Jagat Narula, MD, PhD, MACC (New York, NY) is Professor of Medicine and Philip J. and Harriet L. Goodhart Chair in Cardiology, and the Director of Cardiovascular Imaging Program in Mount Sinai’s Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health. He is the Associate Dean for Global Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr Narula has the unique distinction of being able to combine molecular and subcellular pathology and imaging.

Zubin J. Eapen, MD (Durham, NC) Assistant Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center,   Medical Director of the Duke Heart Failure Same Day Access Clinic, Department of Medicine Director of Education IT Innovations, and Department of Medicine Director of Clinical Improvement. He is also a member of Duke Clinical Research Institute Health Services Research Group and Assistant Faculty Director for the Center for Educational Excellence. Dr. Eapen obtained his medical degree and completed his residency and Cardiology Fellowship at Duke University. He serves as Electronic Media Editor for JACC: Heart Failure, Associate Editor for American Heart Journal, and Editor for the 14th edition of Hurst’s the Heart. His particular interests include improving care coordination, disease management, and quality of care using digital health tools.