Summarizing developments and techniques in the field, this reference covers sample surveys, non-parametric analysis, hypothesis testing, time series analysis, Bayesian inference, and distribution theory for applications in statistics, economics, medicine, biology, engineering, sociology, psychology, and information technology. It supplies a geometric proof of an extended Gauss-Markov theorem, approaches for the design and implementation of sample surveys, advances in the theory of Neyman's smooth test, and methods for pre-test and biased estimation. It includes discussions of sample size requirements for estimation in SUR models, innovative developments in non-parametric models, and more.