Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) affect normal physiological processes and pathological conditions. In spite of the development of analytical and technological advancements in the detection and determination of RONs, there is a growing demand to achieve more rapid and accurate detection and determination of RONs and also of redox stress. In order to satisfy such a demand, we chose to prepare this current volume which comprises 27 chapters contributed by world-renowned experts on the state-- the-art analytical and technological aspects of the detection and determination of RONs, and oxidative, nitrative, nitrosative, and redox stresses in biological systems, in vitro and in vivo. There is a need to establish biomarkers for the oxidative stress-induced genetic d- age in cellular and animal models. This need is addressed herein by offering protocols for (1) the generation of stable oxidative stress-resistant phenotypes of Chinese hamsters ?broblasts, (2) in vivo detection and measurement of free radicals and oxygen, (3) in vivo determination of tissue and DNA damage as a result of radical exposure, and (4) in vivo and in vitro monitoring of footprints of free-radical and antioxidant reactions. In the s- tions dedicated to the analysis of antioxidants and their metabolites, we describe methods for the analysis of phenolic acids and ?avonoids, eugenol antioxidants, and the recycling of ascorbic and lipoic acids. We also report on cellular reductive capacity, determination of glutathione, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes under RONs stresses.

Contents Preface Contributors Part I Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species 1. In Vivo Imaging of Free Radicals and Oxygen Deepti S. Vikram, Brian K. Rivera, and Periannan Kuppusamy 2 . In Vivo Measurement of Tissue Oxygen using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Oxygen-sensitive Paramagnetic Particle, Lithium Phthalocyanine F. Hyodo, S. Matsumoto, E. Hyodo, A. Matsumoto, K. Matsumoto, and M. C. Krishna 3. Measurement of Plasma Nitrite by Chemiluminescence Enika Nagababu and Joseph M Rifkind 4. Determination of Glutathione, Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential, and Cytotoxicity in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts Exposed to Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species K. Sathishkumar, Xueli Gao, Achuthan C. Raghavamenon, Narasimham L. Parinandi, and Rao M. Uppu Part II Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants 5. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids: Ocurrence and Analytical Methods Constantine D. Stalikas 6. Design, Synthesis, and Action of Antiatherogenic Antioxidants Osamu Cynshi, Kunio Tamura, and Etsuo Niki 7. Preparation of Drug-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity against Lipid Peroxidation Adriana R. Pohlmann, Scheila Rezende Schaffazick, Tânia B. Creczynski-Pasa, and Sílvia S. Guterres 8. Nanoparticle and Iron Chelators as a Potential Novel Alzheimer Therapy Gang Liu, Ping Men, George Perry, and Mark A. Smith 9. Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Nanocarriers for the Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Enzymes Eric Simone, Thomas Dziubla , Vladimir Shuvaev, and Vladimir R. Muzykantov 10. Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Eugenol In Vitro and In Vivo Enika Nagababu, Joseph M. Rifkind, Sesikeran Boindala, andLakshmaiah Nakka Part III Cellular Oxidative Stress 11. The Generation of Stable Oxidative Stress-Resistant Phenotypes in Chinese Hamster Fibroblasts Chronically Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide or Hyperoxia Douglas R. Spitz and Shannon J. Sullivan 12. A Simple Method for Effective and Safe Removal of Membrane Cholesterol from Lipid Rafts in Vascular Endothelial Cells: Implications in Oxidant-Mediated Lipid Signaling Michelle A. Kline, E. S. O'Connor Butler, Adam Hinzey, Sean Sliman, Clay B. Marsh, Rao M. Uppu, and Narasimham L. Parinandi 13. Superoxide Dismutase - A Target for Gene Therapeutic Approach to Reduce Oxidative Stress in Erectile Dysfunction W. Deng , T.J. Bivalacqua , W. Hellstrom , S. N. Murthy , and Philip J. Kadowitz 14. Assessing the Reductive Capacity of Cells by Measuring the Recycling of Ascorbic and Lipoic Acids James M. May 15. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: Methods and Measures of Oxidative DNA Damage (COMET Assay) and Telomere Shortening Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam, Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari, Zaheer Sameermahmood, and Viswanathan Mohan 16. Simultaneous Analysis of Mutiple Redox-Sensitive and Apoptotic Gene Expression in Hypothalamic Neurons Exposed to Cholesterol Ozonation Products K.Sathishkumar, Achuthan C. Raghavamenon, Karunakaran Ganeshkumar, Rameshwari Telaprolu and Rao M. Uppu 17. Redox Homeostasis and Cellular Stress Response in Aging and Neurodegeneration Vittorio Calabrese, Cesare Mancuso, Riccardo Lentile, A.M. Giuffrida Stella, and D. Allan Butterfield. 18. Gene Therapy Techniques for the Delivery of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase to the Lung for Pulmonary Hypertension W. Deng, T.J. Bivalacqua, W. Hellstrom, Subramanyam N. Murthy, and Philip J. Kadowitz Part IV DNA Oxidation,