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After the entry of the Red Army into Czechoslovak territory in 1945, Red Army authorities began to arrest and deport Czechoslovak citizens to labor camps in the Soviet Union. The regions most affected were Eastern and South Slovakia and Prague. The Czechoslovak authorities repeatedly requested a halt to the deportations and that the deported Czechoslovaks be returned immediately. It took a long time before these protests generated any response. The subject remained taboo during the Communist decades and sources were out of reach. Czechoslovak Diplomacy and the Gulag focuses on the diplomatic and political aspects of the deportations. Polisenska explains the steps taken by the Czechoslovak Government in the repatriation agenda from 1945 to 1953 and reconstructs the negotiations with the Soviets. Thoroughly documented with archival material and statistics, the book tries to answer the question of why and how the Russians deported the civilian population from Czechoslovakia which was their allied country already during the war.
After the entry of the Red Army into Czechoslovak territory in 1945, Red Army authorities began to arrest and deport Czechoslovak citizens to labor camps in the Soviet Union. The regions most affected were Eastern and South Slovakia and Prague. The Czechoslovak authorities repeatedly requested a halt to the deportations and that the deported Czechoslovaks be returned immediately. It took a long time before these protests generated any response. The subject remained taboo during the Communist decades and sources were out of reach. Czechoslovak Diplomacy and the Gulag focuses on the diplomatic and political aspects of the deportations. Polisenska explains the steps taken by the Czechoslovak Government in the repatriation agenda from 1945 to 1953 and reconstructs the negotiations with the Soviets. Thoroughly documented with archival material and statistics, the book tries to answer the question of why and how the Russians deported the civilian population from Czechoslovakia which was their allied country already during the war.
INTRODUCTION Some notes on the concept of Czechoslovakia from the point of view of the constitution and national identity The constitutional concept of Slovakia The position of the ruling circles on the issue of nationalities in Czechoslovakia Citizenship in post-war Czechoslovakia and the decrees of President Beneš PART ONE: POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY I. CZECHOSLOVAK-SOVIET REPATRIATION NEGOTIATIONS 1. The Czechoslovak-Soviet treaty of 8 May 1944 and its flouting by the Soviet Union in 1945 Treaty of 8 May 1944 May and June 1945 August and September 1945 October and November 1945 2. Czechoslovak and Soviet information and arguments in 1946 Jan Masaryk: instructions for Ambassador Jirí Horák Problems in getting exact information The Minister of Foreign Affairs and the summary list of deportees The USSR throws doubt on the Czechoslovak lists and Soviet data The Czechoslovak Delegation for the Liquidation of War Damage Efforts at obtaining reciprocal information about those arrested and imprisoned Slovaks from Hungary interned in the USSR and their repatriation Vladimír Outrata’s memorandum Updating of the lists in 1946 Members of the Slovak Technical Division The deported inhabitants of the Hlucín region Attitudes towards the deportations and public opinion The intervention of the Czechoslovak Embassy in Moscow Horák’s intervention with Vyshinsky 21 March 1946 The material summarised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 19 April 1946 Uncertainties about information received from Envoy Chichaev “The Great June Repatriation” Czechoslovak–Hungarian relationships and repatriation Ambassador Horák urges a final solution to the repatriation The lists and instructions Spišiak, Catloš and co. The lists and nationality Complex versus selective – two concepts of repatriation, and the decree of the Ministry of the Interior of 26 September 1946 Vladimír Outrata: instructions for intervention Clementis’s memorandum Horák’s intervention with Vyshinsky on 29 December 1946 3. The enforcement of the selective principle Horák’s intervention with Golubev on 8 January 1947 The repatriation principles of the Ministry of the Interior and the pragmatic approach of the Soviet Union The conflict between the Foreign Ministry and the Interior Ministry over the approach to repatriation Ambassador Horák’s negotiations with Golubev on 24 March 1947 Instruction of 9 April 1947 from the Ministry of the Interior about repatriation Disunity of Czechoslovak principles and considerations regarding the Soviet Union The Czechoslovak governmental delegation in Moscow in July 1947 Autumn 1947: Horák strives for an ending to repatriation by the end of 1947 and inter-ministerial consultation at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs II. SCREENINGS AND TRANSPORTS 1. The repatriation camp in Luisdorf near Odessa 1947: The Soviet Union accelerates repatriations Emil Šulc (Schulz) in Luisdorf, May 1947 Ludovít Micátek in Luisdorf, June 1947 Counsellor Kašpárek's urgent requests and Golubev’s data Process of screening and approval Preparations for screening of repatriates at the end of August 1947 Krno and Šulc in Luisdorf, September 1947 Superficiality and possible misuse of the repatriation screenings Emil Šulc in Luisdorf, October 1947 Czechoslovak interministerial meeting on 21 November 1947 Horák’s intervention with Golubev in November 1947, national criteria, rumours and confused information 2. The repatriation camp Marmaros Sziget in Romania Screening of Slovaks and Hungarians in Sziget and the ethnicity criterion The Czechoslovak plenipotentiary in Sziget The handing over of the transports to Czechoslovakia and the lists of repatriates 3. The final phase of screening in Luisdorf and Sziget The tardiness of the Czechoslovak authorities Václav Vaško in Luisdorf, August 1948 Problems with the screening in Sziget Czechoslovak and Soviet positions before the end of repatriation Excursus: Czechoslovak diplomats in Moscow in charge of the repatriations ....
Milada Polišenská is a Czech professor and researcher specialized in history of diplomacy and international relations, and modern and contemporary history of Central and Eastern Europe. Currently she works in Prague as Provost of the Anglo-American University.
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