Name: Communication Engineering Principles, 2nd Edition
Brand: Wiley
SKU: 183061690
Price: 77.66 GBP
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Communication Engineering Principles, 2nd Edition

By Otung, Ifiok

Rating

Format

Hardback, 944 pages

Published

United States, 1 January 2021

Preface 0-3 Acknowledgements 0-7 1 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-4 1.2 NON-ELECTRICAL TELECOMMUNICATION 1-5 1.2.1 VERBAL NON-ELECTRICAL TELECOMMUNICATION 1-5 1.2.2 VISUAL NON-ELECTRICAL TELECOMMUNICATION 1-8 1.2.2.1 Flags, Smoke and Bonfires 1-8 1.2.2.2 Heliography 1-9 1.2.2.3 Semaphore 1-9 1.2.2.4 Demerits of Visual Non-electrical Telecommunication 1-11 1.3 MODERN TELECOMMUNICATION 1-12 1.3.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN CHARACTER CODES 1-14 1.3.1.1 Morse Code 1-14 1.3.1.2 Baudot Code 1-15 1.3.1.3 Hollerith Code 1-17 1.3.1.4 EBCDIC Code 1-18 1.3.1.5 ASCII Code 1-19 1.3.1.6 ISO 8859 Code 1-22 1.3.1.7 Unicode 1-23 1.3.2 DEVELOPMENTS IN SERVICES 1-27 1.3.2.1 Telegram 1-27 1.3.2.2 Telex 1-28 1.3.2.3 Facsimile 1-29 1.3.2.4 The Digital Era 1-31 1.3.3 DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSMISSION MEDIA 1-34 1.3.3.1 Copper Cable 1-35 1.3.3.2 Radio 1-37 1.3.3.3 Optical Fibre 1-41 1.4 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ELEMENTS 1-44 1.4.1 INFORMATION SOURCE 1-45 1.4.1.1 Audio Input Devices 1-45 1.4.1.2 Video Input Devices 1-47 1.4.1.3 Data Input Devices 1-47 1.4.1.4 Sensors 1-48 1.4.2 INFORMATION SINK 1-49 1.4.2.1 Audio Output Device 1-49 1.4.2.2 Visual Display Devices 1-52 1.4.2.3 Storage Devices 1-56 1.4.3 TRANSMITTER 1-59 1.4.4 RECEIVER 1-62 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-63 1.5.1 SIMPLEX VERSUS DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-64 1.5.2 ANALOGUE VERSUS DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-66 1.5.3 BASEBAND VERSUS MODULATED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-70 1.5.3.1 Analogue Baseband Communication System 1-70 1.5.3.2 Discrete Baseband Communication System 1-72 1.5.3.3 Digital Baseband Communication System 1-76 1.5.3.4 Modulated Communication Systems 1-81 1.5.4 CIRCUIT VERSUS PACKET SWITCHING 1-87 1.5.4.1 Circuit Switching 1-89 1.5.4.2 Packet Switching 1-91 1.6 EPILOGUE 1-97 1.7 REFERENCES 1-98 1.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1-98 2 INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 2-3 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-4 2.2 WHAT IS A SIGNAL? 2-5 2.3 FORMS OF TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNALS 2-6 2.4 SUBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNALS 2-9 2.4.1 SPEECH 2-9 2.4.2 MUSIC 2-11 2.4.3 VIDEO 2-12 2.4.4 DIGITAL DATA 2-13 2.4.5 FACSIMILE 2-15 2.4.6 ANCILLARY & CONTROL SIGNALS 2-16 2.5 OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNALS 2-16 2.5.1 ANALOGUE OR DIGITAL 2-16 2.5.2 PERIODIC OR NONPERIODIC 2-20 2.5.3 DETERMINISTIC OR RANDOM 2-22 2.5.4 POWER OR ENERGY 2-22 2.5.5 EVEN OR ODD 2-23 2.6 SPECIAL WAVEFORMS AND SIGNALS 2-27 2.6.1 UNIT STEP FUNCTION 2-29 2.6.2 SIGNUM FUNCTION 2-29 2.6.3 RECTANGULAR PULSE 2-30 2.6.4 RAMP PULSE 2-30 2.6.5 TRIANGULAR PULSE 2-31 2.6.6 SAWTOOTH AND TRAPEZOIDAL PULSES 2-32 2.6.7 UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION 2-33 2.6.8 SINC FUNCTION 2-36 2.7 SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS 2-38 2.7.1 QUALITATIVE INTRODUCTION 2-39 2.7.2 PARAMETERS OF A SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL 2-41 2.7.2.1 Angle 2-47 2.7.2.2 Amplitude 2-48 2.7.2.3 Angular Frequency 2-48 2.7.2.4 Frequency 2-48 2.7.2.5 Period 2-49 2.7.2.6 Wavelength 2-49 2.7.2.7 Initial Phase 2-49 2.7.2.8 Phase Difference 2-51 2.7.3 ADDITION OF SINUSOIDS 2-55 2.7.3.1 Same Frequency and Phase 2-55 2.7.3.2 Same Frequency but Different Phases 2-55 2.7.3.3 Multiple Sinusoids of Different Frequencies 2-60 2.7.3.4 Beats involving two Sinusoids 2-61 2.7.4 MULTIPLICATION OF SINUSOIDS 2-63 2.8 LOGARITHMIC UNITS 2-64 2.8.1 LOGARITHMIC UNITS FOR SYSTEM GAIN 2-67 2.8.2 LOGARITHMIC UNITS FOR VOLTAGE, POWER AND OTHER QUANTITIES 2-69 2.8.3 LOGARITHMIC UNIT DOS AND DON'TS 2-72 2.9 CALIBRATION OF A SIGNAL TRANSMISSION PATH 2-78 2.10 SYSTEMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 2-80 2.10.1 MEMORY 2-82 2.10.2 STABILITY 2-84 2.10.3 CAUSALITY 2-85 2.10.4 LINEARITY 2-86 2.10.5 TIME INVARIANCE 2-92 2.10.6 INVERTIBILITY 2-95 2.11 SUMMARY 2-98 2.12 QUESTIONS 2-100 3 TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 3-2 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-3 3.2 BASIC SIGNAL OPERATIONS 3-4 3.2.1 TIME SHIFTING (SIGNAL DELAY AND ADVANCE) 3-4 3.2.2 TIME REVERSAL 3-8 3.2.3 TIME SCALING 3-11 3.3 RANDOM SIGNALS 3-13 3.3.1 RANDOM PROCESSES 3-13 3.3.2 RANDOM SIGNAL PARAMETERS 3-14 3.3.3 STATIONARITY AND ERGODICITY 3-19 3.4 STANDARD DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 3-21 3.4.1 GAUSSIAN OR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 3-21 3.4.2 RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 3-27 3.4.3 LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION 3-35 3.4.4 RICIAN DISTRIBUTION 3-43 3.4.5 EXPONENTIAL AND POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS 3-49 3.5 SIGNAL CHARACTERISATION 3-57 3.5.1 MEAN 3-57 3.5.2 POWER 3-59 3.5.3 ENERGY 3-64 3.5.4 ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE 3-65 3.5.5 AUTOCORRELATION 3-71 3.5.6 COVARIANCE AND CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 3-78 3.6 LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3-86 3.6.1 LTI SYSTEM RESPONSE 3-88 3.6.2 EVALUATION OF CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL 3-94 3.6.3 EVALUATION OF CONVOLUTION SUM 3-100 3.6.4 AUTOCORRELATION AND CONVOLUTION 3-109 3.7 SUMMARY 3-110 3.8 REFERENCES 3-112 3.9 QUESTIONS 3-112 4 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 4-2 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-3 4.2 FOURIER SERIES 4-6 4.2.1 SINUSOIDAL FORM OF FOURIER SERIES 4-8 4.2.2 COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FORM OF FOURIER SERIES 4-32 4.2.3 AMPLITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRA 4-37 4.2.3.1 Double-sided Spectrum 4-41 4.2.3.2 Single-sided Spectrum 4-43 4.2.4 FOURIER SERIES APPLICATION TO SELECTED WAVEFORMS 4-53 4.2.4.1 Flat-Top Sampled Signal 4-54 4.2.4.2 Binary ASK Signal and Sinusoidal Pulse Train 4-62 4.2.4.3 Trapezoidal Pulse Train 4-70 4.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-75 4.3.1 PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-81 4.3.2 TABLE OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS 4-92 4.3.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC SIGNALS 4-99 4.4 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-101 4.4.1 PROPERTIES OF THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-111 4.4.2 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-113 4.4.3 PRACTICAL ISSUES IN DFT IMPLEMENTATION 4-123 4.4.3.1 Aliasing 4-124 4.4.3.2 Frequency Resolution 4-124 4.4.3.3 Spectral Leakage 4-125 4.4.3.4 Spectral Smearing 4-126 4.4.3.5 Spectral Density and its Variance 4-129 4.5 LAPLACE AND Z TRANSFORMS 4-134 4.5.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM 4-134 4.5.2 Z-TRANSFORM 4-136 4.6 INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS 4-142 4.7 FREQUENCY DOMAIN CHARACTERISATION OF LTI SYSTEMS 4-144 4.7.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION 4-144 4.7.2 OUTPUT SPECTRAL DENSITY OF LTI SYSTEMS 4-151 4.7.3 SIGNAL AND SYSTEM BANDWIDTHS 4-152 4.7.3.1 Subjective Bandwidth 4-154 4.7.3.2 Null Bandwidth 4-155 4.7.3.3 3-dB Bandwidth 4-155 4.7.3.4 Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth 4-157 4.7.3.5 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 4-159 4.7.4 DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION 4-163 4.7.5 ATTENUATION AND DELAY DISTORTIONS 4-167 4.7.6 NONLINEAR DISTORTIONS 4-168 4.8 SUMMARY 4-172 4.9 REFERENCES 4-175 4.10 QUESTIONS 4-176 5 TRANSMISSION MEDIA 5-3 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-4 5.2 METALLIC LINE SYSTEMS 5-5 5.2.1 WIRE PAIRS 5-6 5.2.2 COAXIAL CABLE 5-10 5.2.3 ATTENUATION IN METALLIC LINES 5-13 5.3 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY 5-15 5.3.1 INCIDENT AND REFLECTED WAVES 5-20 5.3.2 SECONDARY LINE CONSTANTS 5-21 5.3.3 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE 5-25 5.3.4 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS 5-29 5.3.5 STANDING WAVES 5-33 5.3.6 LINE IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 5-37 5.3.7 LINE TERMINATION AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 5-47 5.3.8 SCATTERING PARAMETERS 5-57 5.3.9 SMITH CHART 5-61 5.4 OPTICAL FIBRE 5-64 5.4.1 OPTICAL FIBRE TYPES 5-69 5.4.2 COUPLING OF LIGHT INTO FIBRE 5-71 5.4.3 ATTENUATION IN OPTICAL FIBRE 5-75 5.4.3.1 Intrinsic Fibre Loss 5-76 5.4.3.2 Extrinsic Fibre Loss 5-80 5.4.4 DISPERSION IN OPTICAL FIBRE 5-82 5.5 RADIO 5-88 5.5.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 5-91 5.5.2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION MODES 5-94 5.5.3 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION EFFECTS 5-100 5.5.3.1 Ionospheric Effects 5-100 5.5.3.2 Tropospheric Attenuation 5-102 5.5.3.3 Tropospheric scintillation 5-107 5.5.3.4 Depolarisation 5-108 5.5.3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 5-109 5.5.4 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 5-113 5.5.5 ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 5-125 5.5.6 DIFFRACTION 5-129 5.5.6.1 Diffraction Configuration and Terms 5-129 5.5.6.2 Fresnel Zones 5-132 5.5.6.3 Knife Edge Diffraction Loss 5-133 5.5.7 PATH LOSS 5-139 5.5.7.1 Free Space Path Loss 5-140 5.5.7.2 Plane Earth Propagation Path Loss 5-144 5.5.7.3 Terrestrial Cellular Radio Path Loss 5-148 5.5.8 RADIO FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 5-151 5.6 SUMMARY 5-153 5.7 REFERENCES 5-155 5.8 QUESTIONS 5-156 6 NOISE IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-2 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-3 6.2 PHYSICAL SOURCES OF RANDOM NOISE 6-5 6.3 ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE 6-15 6.3.1 GAUSSIAN PDF OF NOISE 6-15 6.3.2 WHITE NOISE 6-17 6.3.3 CANONICAL AND ENVELOPE REPRESENTATIONS OF NOISE 6-25 6.4 SYSTEM NOISE CALCULATIONS 6-30 6.4.1 AVAILABLE NOISE POWER 6-30 6.4.2 EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE 6-32 6.4.3 NOISE FIGURE OF A SINGLE SYSTEM 6-33 6.4.4 NOISE FIGURE OF CASCADED SYSTEMS 6-37 6.4.5 OVERALL SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE 6-43 6.4.6 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 6-45 6.5 NOISE EFFECTS IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-49 6.5.1 SNR IN ANALOGUE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-49 6.5.2 BER IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-54 6.6 SUMMARY 6-62 6.7 REFERENCES 6-62 6.8 QUESTIONS 6-63 7 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 7-2 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-3 7.2 AM SIGNALS TIME DOMAIN DESCRIPTION 7-4 7.2.1 AM WAVEFORM 7-5 7.2.2 SKETCHING AM WAVEFORMS 7-6 7.2.3 MODULATION FACTOR 7-7 7.3 SPECTRUM AND POWER OF AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNALS 7-12 7.3.1 SINUSOIDAL MODULATING SIGNAL 7-12 7.3.2 ARBITRARY MESSAGE SIGNAL 7-16 7.3.3 POWER 7-18 7.4 AM MODULATORS 7-23 7.4.1 GENERATION OF AM SIGNAL 7-23 7.4.1.1 Linearly-Varied-Gain Modulator 7-23 7.4.1.2 Switching and Square-law Modulators 7-25 7.4.2 AM TRANSMITTERS 7-29 7.4.2.1 Low-level transmitter 7-29 7.4.2.2 High-level transmitter 7-29 7.5 AM DEMODULATORS 7-30 7.5.1 DIODE DEMODULATOR 7-31 7.5.2 COHERENT DEMODULATOR 7-36 7.5.3 AM RECEIVERS 7-38 7.5.3.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (RF) Receiver 7-39 7.5.3.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 7-40 7.6 MERITS, DEMERITS, AND APPLICATION OF AM 7-44 7.7 VARIANTS OF AM 7-45 7.7.1 DSB 7-45 7.7.1.1 Waveform & Spectrum of DSB 7-45 7.7.1.2 DSB Modulator 7-46 7.7.1.3 DSB Demodulator 7-50 7.7.1.4 DSB Applications 7-52 7.7.2 SSB 7-55 7.7.2.1 Merits and Demerits of SSB 7-55 7.7.2.2 SSB Modulators 7-58 7.7.2.3 SSB Demodulator 7-62 7.7.2.4 Applications of SSB 7-63 7.7.3 ISB 7-64 7.7.3.1 ISB Modulator 7-65 7.7.3.2 ISB Demodulator 7-65 7.7.3.3 ISB Merits, Demerit, and Application 7-66 7.7.4 VSB 7-67 7.7.4.1 VSB Modulator 7-68 7.7.4.2 VSB Demodulator 7-69 7.8 SUMMARY 7-70 7.9 QUESTIONS 7-73 8 FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATION 8-3 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-4 8.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF FM & PM 8-5 8.2.1 FREQUENCY MODULATION CONCEPTS 8-7 8.2.2 PHASE MODULATION CONCEPTS 8-12 8.2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FM & PM 8-16 8.2.3.1 Frequency Variations in PM 8-17 8.2.3.2 Phase Variations in FM 8-20 8.3 FM AND PM WAVEFORMS 8-25 8.3.1 SKETCHING SIMPLE WAVEFORMS 8-26 8.3.2 GENERAL WAVEFORM 8-27 8.4 SPECTRUM AND POWER OF FM AND PM 8-33 8.4.1 NARROWBAND FM AND PM 8-34 8.4.1.1 Frequency Components 8-34 8.4.1.2 Comparing AM, NBFM, and NBPM 8-37 8.4.1.3 Amplitude Variations in NBFM and NBPM 8-41 8.4.2 WIDEBAND FM AND PM 8-43 8.4.2.1 Spectrum 8-45 8.4.2.2 Power 8-54 8.4.2.3 Bandwidth 8-55 8.4.2.4 FM or PM? 8-60 8.5 FM AND PM MODULATORS 8-61 8.5.1 NARROWBAND MODULATORS 8-61 8.5.2 INDIRECT WIDEBAND MODULATORS 8-64 8.5.3 DIRECT WIDEBAND MODULATORS 8-68 8.5.3.1 LCO Modulator 8-70 8.5.3.2 VCO Modulator 8-73 8.6 FM AND PM DEMODULATORS 8-75 8.6.1 DIRECT DEMODULATOR 8-75 8.6.1.1 Filter-based Demodulator 8-75 8.6.1.2 Digital Demodulator 8-76 8.6.2 INDIRECT DEMODULATOR 8-77 8.6.2.1 PLL Demodulation Process 8-78 8.6.2.2 PLL States 8-80 8.6.2.3 PLL Features 8-81 8.6.3 PHASE DEMODULATOR 8-81 8.6.4 FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATORS 8-82 8.6.4.1 Differentiators 8-82 8.6.4.1.1 Delay-line Differentiator 8-83 8.6.4.1.2 RC Differentiator 8-84 8.6.4.2 Tuned Circuits 8-85 8.7 FM TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 8-85 8.7.1 TRANSMITTER 8-85 8.7.2 SNR AND BANDWIDTH TRADE-OFF 8-87 8.7.3 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS 8-88 8.7.4 RECEIVER 8-90 8.8 NOISE EFFECT IN FM 8-90 8.9 OVERVIEW OF FM & PM FEATURES 8-99 8.9.1 MERITS 8-100 8.9.2 DEMERITS 8-101 8.9.3 APPLICATIONS 8-101 8.10 SUMMARY 8-103 8.11 QUESTIONS 8-103 9 SAMPLING 9-1 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9-1 9.2 SAMPLING THEOREM 9-2 9.3 PROOF OF SAMPLING THEOREM 9-3 9.3.1 LOWPASS SIGNALS 9-5 9.3.2 BANDPASS SIGNALS 9-6 9.3.3 SAMPLING AT NYQUIST RATE 9-11 9.4 ALIASING 9-12 9.5 ANTI-ALIAS FILTER 9-17 9.6 NON-INSTANTANEOUS SAMPLING 9-21 9.6.1 NATURAL SAMPLING 9-21 9.6.2 FLAT-TOP SAMPLING 9-23 9.6.3 APERTURE EFFECT 9-27 9.7 SUMMARY 9-29 9.8 REFERENCES 9-30 9.9 QUESTIONS 9-30 10 DIGITAL BASEBAND CODING 10-2 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10-3 10.2 CONCEPT AND CLASSES OF QUANTISATION 10-4 10.3 UNIFORM QUANTISATION 10-13 10.3.1 QUANTISATION NOISE 10-14 10.3.2 DYNAMIC RANGE OF A QUANTISER 10-16 10.3.3 SIGNAL TO QUANTISATION NOISE RATIO (SQNR) 10-17 10.3.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 10-20 10.3.5 DEMERITS OF UNIFORM QUANTISATION 10-22 10.4 NON-UNIFORM QUANTISATION 10-24 10.4.1 COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTIC 10-25 10.4.2 A-LAW COMPANDING 10-28 10.4.3 MU-LAW COMPANDING 10-30 10.4.4 COMPANDING GAIN AND PENALTY 10-33 10.4.5 PRACTICAL NON-LINEAR PCM 10-38 10.4.6 SQNR OF PRACTICAL NON-LINEAR PCM 10-45 10.5 DIFFERENTIAL PCM (DPCM) 10-50 10.5.1 ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION (ADPCM) 10-54 10.5.2 DELTA MODULATION 10-55 10.5.2.1 Quantisation Error 10-55 10.5.2.2 Prediction Filter 10-57 10.5.2.3 Design Parameters 10-57 10.5.2.4 Merits and Demerits of DM 10-58 10.5.2.5 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) 10-60 10.5.2.6 Delta Sigma Modulation 10-61 10.6 LOW BIT RATE SPEECH CODING 10-61 10.6.1 WAVEFORM CODERS 10-65 10.6.2 VOCODERS 10-66 10.6.2.1 IMBE 10-67 10.6.2.2 LPC 10-67 10.6.2.3 MELP 10-68 10.6.3 HYBRID CODERS 10-68 10.6.3.1 APC 10-69 10.6.3.2 MPE-LPC 10-69 10.6.3.3 CELP 10-70 10.7 LINE CODES 10-70 10.7.1 NRZ CODES 10-70 10.7.2 RZ CODES 10-72 10.7.3 BIPHASE CODES 10-73 10.7.4 RLL CODES 10-74 10.7.5 BLOCK CODES 10-76 10.8 SUMMARY 10-81 10.9 REFERENCES 10-84 10.10 QUESTIONS 10-84 11 DIGITAL MODULATED TRANSMISSION 11-3 IN THIS CHAPTER 11-3 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11-4 11.2 ORTHOGONALITY OF ENERGY SIGNALS 11-8 11.3 SIGNAL SPACE 11-12 11.3.1 INTERPRETATION OF SIGNAL SPACE DIAGRAMS 11-13 11.3.2 COMPLEX NOTATION FOR 2D SIGNAL SPACE 11-18 11.3.3 SIGNAL SPACE WORKED EXAMPLES 11-20 11.4 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION MODEL 11-27 11.5 NOISE EFFECTS 11-29 11.6 SYMBOL AND BIT ERROR RATIOS 11-32 11.6.1 SPECIAL CASES 11-35 11.6.2 ARBITRARY BINARY TRANSMISSION 11-39 11.7 BINARY MODULATION 11-45 11.7.1 ASK 11-45 11.7.2 PSK 11-47 11.7.3 FSK 11-49 11.7.3.1 Generation 11-49 11.7.3.2 Spectrum 11-50 11.7.3.3 Frequency Spacing and MSK 11-51 11.7.4 MINIMUM TRANSMISSION BANDWIDTH 11-53 11.8 COHERENT BINARY DETECTION 11-54 11.8.1 ASK DETECTOR 11-55 11.8.2 PSK DETECTOR 11-56 11.8.3 FSK DETECTOR 11-56 11.9 NONCOHERENT BINARY DETECTION 11-58 11.9.1 NONCOHERENT ASK DETECTOR 11-60 11.9.2 NONCOHERENT FSK DETECTOR 11-61 11.9.3 DPSK 11-63 11.10 M-ARY TRANSMISSION 11-65 11.10.1 BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY 11-65 11.10.2 M-ARY ASK 11-68 11.10.2.1 M-ary ASK Modulator 11-68 11.10.2.2 M-ary ASK Detector 11-71 11.10.2.3 BER of M-ary ASK 11-72 11.10.3 M-ARY PSK 11-76 11.10.3.1 QPSK Modulator and Detector 11-77 11.10.3.2 M-ary PSK Modulator and Detector 11-79 11.10.3.3 BER of M-ary PSK 11-83 11.10.4 M-ARY FSK 11-87 11.10.4.1 M-ary FSK Modulator and Detector 11-87 11.10.4.2 BER of M-ary FSK 11-88 11.10.4.3 Noise-Bandwidth Trade-off in M-ary FSK 11-89 11.10.5 M-ARY APSK 11-90 11.10.5.1 16-APSK 11-91 11.10.5.2 BER of Square M-ary APSK 11-94 11.11 DESIGN PARAMETERS 11-95 11.12 SUMMARY 11-102 11.13 REFERENCES 11-104 11.14 QUESTIONS 11-105 12 PULSE SHAPING AND DETECTION 12-2 12.1 INTRODUCTION 12-3 12.2 ANTI-ISI FILTERING 12-6 12.2.1 NYQUIST FILTERING 12-8 12.2.2 RAISED COSINE FILTERING 12-10 12.2.3 SQUARE ROOT RAISED COSINE FILTERING 12-13 12.2.4 DUOBINARY SIGNALLING 12-16 12.2.4.1 Cosine Filter 12-17 12.2.4.2 Signal Power Trade-off 12-21 12.2.4.3 Sine Filter 12-22 12.2.4.4 Polybinary Signalling 12-23 12.3 INFORMATION CAPACITY LAW 12-25 12.4 THE DIGITAL RECEIVER 12-37 12.4.1 ADAPTIVE EQUALISATION 12-37 12.4.2 MATCHED FILTER 12-38 12.4.2.1 Specification of a Matched Filter 12-39 12.4.2.2 Matched Filter by Correlation 12-42 12.4.2.3 Matched Filter Worked Examples 12-44 12.4.3 CLOCK EXTRACTION 12-53 12.4.4 EYE DIAGRAMS 12-54 12.5 SUMMARY 12-55 12.6 REFERENCES 12-57 12.7 QUESTIONS 12-57 13 MULTIPLEXING STRATEGIES 13-2 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13-3 13.2 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-8 13.2.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS 13-8 13.2.2 DEMERITS OF FLAT-LEVEL FDM 13-11 13.2.3 FUTURE OF FDM TECHNOLOGY 13-14 13.2.4 FDM HIERARCHIES 13-15 13.2.4.1 UK System 13-17 13.2.4.2 European System 13-19 13.2.4.3 Bell System 13-20 13.2.4.4 Non-Voice Signals 13-21 13.2.5 WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-23 13.3 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-26 13.3.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS 13-26 13.3.2 PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY 13-30 13.3.2.1 E1 System 13-31 13.3.2.2 T1 and J1 Systems 13-36 13.3.2.3 PDH Problems 13-41 13.3.3 SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY 13-42 13.3.3.1 SDH Rates 13-42 13.3.3.2 SDH Frame Structure 13-43 13.3.3.3 SONET 13-49 13.3.4 ATM 13-50 13.3.4.1 ATM Layered Architecture 13-53 13.3.4.2 ATM Network Components 13-56 13.3.4.3 ATM Cell Header 13-57 13.3.4.4 ATM Features Summary 13-59 13.3.4.5 ATM versus IP 13-60 13.4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-61 13.4.1 TYPES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION 13-62 13.4.2 CDM TRANSMITTER 13-65 13.4.3 CDM RECEIVER 13-67 13.4.4 CRUCIAL FEATURES OF CDM 13-72 13.4.4.1 Synchronisation 13-72 13.4.4.2 Cross-correlation of PN Codes 13-74 13.4.4.3 Power Control 13-75 13.4.4.4 Processing Gain 13-76 13.5 MULTIPLE ACCESS 13-79 13.5.1 FDMA 13-79 13.5.2 TDMA 13-81 13.5.3 CDMA 13-84 13.5.4 HYBRID SCHEMES 13-85 13.6 SUMMARY 13-86 13.7 QUESTIONS 13-87

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Product Description

EAN

9781119274025

ISBN

1119274028

Writer

Otung, Ifiok

Publisher

Wiley

Dimensions

25.4 x 20.3 x 4.9 centimeters (1.71 kg)

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxiii

About the Companion Website xxv

1 Overview of Communication Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Nonelectrical Telecommunication 2

1.2.1 Verbal Nonelectrical Telecommunication 2

1.2.2 Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication 3

1.2.2.1 Flags, Smoke, and Bonfires 3

1.2.2.2 Heliography 4

1.2.2.3 Semaphore 4

1.2.2.4 Demerits of Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication 5

1.3 Modern Telecommunication 5

1.3.1 Developments in Character Codes 7

1.3.1.1 Morse Code 7

1.3.1.2 Baudot Code 7

1.3.1.3 Hollerith Code 8

1.3.1.4 EBCDIC Code 9

1.3.1.5 ASCII Code 9

1.3.1.6 ISO 8859 Code 10

1.3.1.7 Unicode 11

1.3.2 Developments in Services 13

1.3.2.1 Telegram 13

1.3.2.2 Telex 14

1.3.2.3 Facsimile 14

1.3.2.4 The Digital Era 15

1.3.3 Developments in Transmission Media 16

1.3.3.1 Copper Cable 17

1.3.3.2 Radio 18

1.3.3.3 Optical Fibre 19

1.4 Communication System Elements 21

1.4.1 Information Source 21

1.4.1.1 Audio Input Devices 22

1.4.1.2 Video Input Devices 23

1.4.1.3 Data Input Devices 23

1.4.1.4 Sensors 23

1.4.2 Information Sink 24

1.4.2.1 Audio Output Device 24

1.4.2.2 Visual Display Devices 26

1.4.2.3 Storage Devices 28

1.4.3 Transmitter 29

1.4.4 Receiver 31

1.5 Classification of Communication Systems 32

1.5.1 Simplex Versus Duplex Communication Systems 32

1.5.2 Analogue Versus Digital Communication Systems 33

1.5.3 Baseband Versus Modulated Communication Systems 35

1.5.3.1 Analogue Baseband Communication System 35

1.5.3.2 Discrete Baseband Communication System 36

1.5.3.3 Digital Baseband Communication System 41

1.5.3.4 Modulated Communication Systems 44

1.5.4 Circuit Versus Packet Switching 47

1.5.4.1 Circuit Switching 48

1.5.4.2 Packet Switching 50

1.6 Epilogue 53

References 53

Review Questions 53

2 Introduction to Signals and Systems 57

2.1 Introduction 57

2.2 What Is a Signal? 58

2.3 Forms of Telecommunication Signals 58

2.4 Subjective Classification of Telecommunication Signals 60

2.4.1 Speech 60

2.4.2 Music 62

2.4.3 Video 63

2.4.4 Digital Data 64

2.4.5 Facsimile 64

2.4.6 Ancillary and Control Signals 65

2.5 Objective Classification of Telecommunication Signals 65

2.5.1 Analogue or Digital 65

2.5.2 Periodic or Nonperiodic 67

2.5.3 Deterministic or Random 68

2.5.4 Power or Energy 69

2.5.5 Even or Odd 69

2.6 Special Waveforms and Signals 71

2.6.1 Unit Step Function 74

2.6.2 Signum Function 74

2.6.3 Rectangular Pulse 75

2.6.4 Ramp Pulse 76

2.6.5 Triangular Pulse 77

2.6.6 Sawtooth and Trapezoidal Pulses 77

2.6.7 Unit Impulse Function 78

2.6.8 Sinc Function 79

2.7 Sinusoidal Signals 81

2.7.1 Qualitative Introduction 82

2.7.2 Parameters of a Sinusoidal Signal 83

2.7.2.1 Angle 86

2.7.2.2 Amplitude 87

2.7.2.3 Angular Frequency 87

2.7.2.4 Frequency 87

2.7.2.5 Period 88

2.7.2.6 Wavelength 88

2.7.2.7 Initial Phase 88

2.7.2.8 Phase Difference 89

2.7.3 Addition of Sinusoids 92

2.7.3.1 Same Frequency and Phase 93

2.7.3.2 Same Frequency but Different Phases 93

2.7.3.3 Multiple Sinusoids of Different Frequencies 97

2.7.3.4 Beats Involving Two Sinusoids 97

2.7.4 Multiplication of Sinusoids 99

2.8 Logarithmic Units 99

2.8.1 Logarithmic Units for System Gain 101

2.8.2 Logarithmic Units for Voltage, Power, and Other Quantities 102

2.8.3 Logarithmic Unit Dos and Don’ts 104

2.9 Calibration of a Signal Transmission Path 107

2.10 Systems and Their Properties 109

2.10.1 Memory 109

2.10.2 Stability 111

2.10.3 Causality 112

2.10.4 Linearity 113

2.10.5 Time Invariance 116

2.10.6 Invertibility 118

2.11 Summary 121

Questions 122

3 Time Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems 127

3.1 Introduction 127

3.2 Basic Signal Operations 128

3.2.1 Time Shifting (Signal Delay and Advance) 128

3.2.2 Time Reversal 130

3.2.3 Time Scaling 132

3.3 Random Signals 134

3.3.1 Random Processes 134

3.3.2 Random Signal Parameters 135

3.3.3 Stationarity and Ergodicity 138

3.4 Standard Distribution Functions 139

3.4.1 Gaussian or Normal Distribution 139

3.4.2 Rayleigh Distribution 143

3.4.3 Lognormal Distribution 148

3.4.4 Rician Distribution 153

3.4.5 Exponential and Poisson Distributions 157

3.5 Signal Characterisation 162

3.5.1 Mean 162

3.5.2 Power 163

3.5.3 Energy 167

3.5.4 Root-mean-square Value 168

3.5.5 Autocorrelation 171

3.5.6 Covariance and Correlation Coefficient 176

3.6 Linear Time Invariant System Analysis 180

3.6.1 LTI System Response 181

3.6.2 Evaluation of Convolution Integral 186

3.6.3 Evaluation of Convolution Sum 190

3.6.4 Autocorrelation and Convolution 196

3.7 Summary 197

References 198

Questions 198

4 Frequency Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems 203

4.1 Introduction 203

4.2 Fourier Series 205

4.2.1 Sinusoidal Form of Fourier Series 206

4.2.1.1 Time Shifting 211

4.2.1.2 Time Reversal 212

4.2.1.3 Even and Odd Functions 212

4.2.1.4 Piecewise Linear Functions 214

4.2.2 Complex Exponential Form of Fourier Series 222

4.2.3 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 224

4.2.3.1 Double-sided Spectrum 227

4.2.3.2 Single-sided Spectrum 228

4.2.4 Fourier Series Application to Selected Waveforms 235

4.2.4.1 Flat-top-sampled Signal 235

4.2.4.2 Binary ASK Signal and Sinusoidal Pulse Train 243

4.2.4.3 Trapezoidal Pulse Train 248

4.3 Fourier Transform 253

4.3.1 Properties of the Fourier Transform 257

4.3.1.1 Even and Odd Functions 257

4.3.1.2 Linearity 258

4.3.1.3 Time Shifting 258

4.3.1.4 Frequency Shifting 258

4.3.1.5 Time Scaling 258

4.3.1.6 Time Reversal 259

4.3.1.7 Complex Conjugation 259

4.3.1.8 Duality 259

4.3.1.9 Differentiation 259

4.3.1.10 Integration 260

4.3.1.11 Multiplication 260

4.3.1.12 Convolution 260

4.3.1.13 Areas 260

4.3.1.14 Energy 261

4.3.2 Table of Fourier Transforms 263

4.3.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals 268

4.4 Discrete Fourier Transform 270

4.4.1 Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform 275

4.4.1.1 Periodicity 275

4.4.1.2 Symmetry 276

4.4.2 Fast Fourier Transform 277

4.4.3 Practical Issues in DFT Implementation 283

4.4.3.1 Aliasing 283

4.4.3.2 Frequency Resolution 284

4.4.3.3 Spectral Leakage 285

4.4.3.4 Spectral Smearing 285

4.4.3.5 Spectral Density and Its Variance 288

4.5 Laplace and z-transforms 291

4.5.1 Laplace Transform 291

4.5.2 z-transform 292

4.6 Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency Domains 295

4.7 Frequency Domain Characterisation of LTI Systems 297

4.7.1 Transfer Function 297

4.7.2 Output Spectral Density of LTI Systems 301

4.7.3 Signal and System Bandwidths 302

4.7.3.1 Subjective Bandwidth 303

4.7.3.2 Null Bandwidth 303

4.7.3.3 3 dB Bandwidth 304

4.7.3.4 Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth 306

4.7.3.5 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 308

4.7.4 Distortionless Transmission 311

4.7.5 Attenuation and Delay Distortions 313

4.7.6 Nonlinear Distortions 314

4.8 Summary 316

References 317

Questions 317

5 Transmission Media 327

5.1 Introduction 327

5.2 Metallic Line Systems 328

5.2.1 Wire Pairs 328

5.2.2 Coaxial Cable 332

5.2.3 Attenuation in Metallic Lines 333

5.3 Transmission Line Theory 334

5.3.1 Incident and ReflectedWaves 337

5.3.2 Secondary Line Constants 338

5.3.3 Characteristic Impedance 340

5.3.4 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 342

5.3.5 StandingWaves 345

5.3.6 Line Impedance and Admittance 347

5.3.7 Line Termination and Impedance Matching 353

5.3.8 Scattering Parameters 359

5.3.9 Smith Chart 363

5.4 Optical Fibre 365

5.4.1 Optical Fibre Types 367

5.4.1.1 Single-mode Step Index 368

5.4.1.2 Multimode Step Index Fibre 368

5.4.1.3 Multimode Graded Index 369

5.4.2 Coupling of Light into Fibre 369

5.4.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibre 371

5.4.3.1 Intrinsic Fibre Loss 371

5.4.3.2 Extrinsic Fibre Loss 375

5.4.4 Dispersion in Optical Fibre 376

5.4.4.1 Intermodal Dispersion 376

5.4.4.2 Intramodal Dispersion 377

5.5 Radio 380

5.5.1 Maxwell’s Equations 382

5.5.2 RadioWave Propagation Modes 384

5.5.2.1 GroundWave 386

5.5.2.2 SkyWave 386

5.5.2.3 Line-of-sight (LOS) 387

5.5.2.4 Satellite Communications 387

5.5.2.5 Mobile Communications 388

5.5.2.6 Ionospheric Scatter 388

5.5.2.7 Tropospheric Scatter 388

5.5.3 RadioWave Propagation Effects 388

5.5.3.1 Ionospheric Effects 388

5.5.3.2 Tropospheric Attenuation 390

5.5.3.3 Tropospheric Scintillation 393

5.5.3.4 Depolarisation 394

5.5.3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 395

5.5.4 Reflection and Refraction 397

5.5.5 Rough Surface Scattering 406

5.5.6 Diffraction 408

5.5.6.1 Diffraction Configuration and Terms 408

5.5.6.2 Fresnel Zones 410

5.5.6.3 Knife-edge Diffraction Loss 411

5.5.7 Path Loss 416

5.5.7.1 Free Space Path Loss 416

5.5.7.2 Plane Earth Propagation Path Loss 418

5.5.7.3 Terrestrial Cellular Radio Path Loss 421

5.5.8 Radio Frequency Allocation 424

5.6 Summary 424

References 425

Questions 426

6 Noise in Communication Systems 431

6.1 Introduction 431

6.2 Physical Sources of Random Noise 432

6.2.1 Thermal or Johnson Noise 432

6.2.2 Quantisation Noise 433

6.2.3 Radio or Sky Noise 433

6.2.4 Shot Noise 435

6.2.5 Partition Noise 435

6.2.6 Quantum Noise 435

6.2.7 Flicker or 1/f Noise 436

6.3 Additive White Gaussian Noise 437

6.3.1 Gaussian PDF of Noise 438

6.3.2 White Noise 439

6.3.3 Canonical and Envelope Representations of Noise 444

6.4 System Noise Calculations 448

6.4.1 Available Noise Power 448

6.4.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature 450

6.4.3 Noise Figure of a Single System 451

6.4.4 Noise Figure of Cascaded Systems 454

6.4.5 Overall System Noise Temperature 457

6.4.6 Signal-to-noise Ratio 459

6.5 Noise Effects in Communication Systems 462

6.5.1 SNR in Analogue Communication Systems 462

6.5.2 BER in Digital Communication Systems 465

6.6 Summary 469

References 470

Questions 470

7 Amplitude Modulation 473

7.1 Introduction 473

7.2 AM Signals: Time Domain Description 474

7.2.1 AMWaveform 474

7.2.2 Sketching AMWaveforms 475

7.2.3 Modulation Factor 476

7.3 Spectrum and Power of Amplitude Modulated Signals 480

7.3.1 Sinusoidal Modulating Signal 480

7.3.2 Arbitrary Message Signal 482

7.3.3 Power 485

7.4 AM Modulators 488

7.4.1 Generation of AM Signal 488

7.4.1.1 Linearly-varied-gain Modulator 488

7.4.1.2 Switching and Square-law Modulators 489

7.4.2 AM Transmitters 491

7.4.2.1 Low-level Transmitter 491

7.4.2.2 High-level Transmitter 492

7.5 AM Demodulators 492

7.5.1 Diode Demodulator 493

7.5.2 Coherent Demodulator 496

7.5.3 AM Receivers 498

7.5.3.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (RF) Receiver 498

7.5.3.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 499

7.6 Merits, Demerits, and Application of AM 501

7.7 Variants of AM 502

7.7.1 DSB 502

7.7.1.1 Waveform and Spectrum of DSB 502

7.7.1.2 DSB Modulator 504

7.7.1.3 DSB Demodulator 507

7.7.1.4 DSB Applications 509

7.7.2 SSB 510

7.7.2.1 Merits and Demerits of SSB 511

7.7.2.2 SSB Modulators 514

7.7.2.3 SSB Demodulator 516

7.7.2.4 Applications of SSB 517

7.7.3 ISB 518

7.7.3.1 ISB Modulator 518

7.7.3.2 ISB Demodulator 518

7.7.3.3 ISB Merits, Demerit, and Application 520

7.7.4 VSB 520

7.7.4.1 VSB Modulator 521

7.7.4.2 VSB Demodulator 522

7.8 Summary 524

Questions 525

8 Frequency and Phase Modulation 529

8.1 Introduction 529

8.2 Basic Concepts of FM and PM 530

8.2.1 Frequency Modulation Concepts 531

8.2.2 Phase Modulation Concepts 535

8.2.3 Relationship Between FM and PM 537

8.2.3.1 Frequency Variations in PM 537

8.2.3.2 Phase Variations in FM 540

8.3 FM and PMWaveforms 543

8.3.1 Sketching SimpleWaveforms 543

8.3.2 GeneralWaveform 544

8.4 Spectrum and Power of FM and PM 549

8.4.1 Narrowband FM and PM 549

8.4.1.1 Frequency Components 549

8.4.1.2 Comparing AM, NBFM, and NBPM 551

8.4.1.3 Amplitude Variations in NBFM and NBPM 556

8.4.2 Wideband FM and PM 557

8.4.2.1 Spectrum 558

8.4.2.2 Power 560

8.4.2.3 Bandwidth 563

8.4.2.4 FM or PM? 567

8.5 FM and PM Modulators 567

8.5.1 Narrowband Modulators 567

8.5.2 Indirect Wideband Modulators 569

8.5.3 Direct Wideband Modulators 572

8.5.3.1 LCO Modulator 573

8.5.3.2 VCO Modulator 575

8.6 FM and PM Demodulators 576

8.6.1 Direct Demodulator 577

8.6.1.1 Filter-based Demodulator 577

8.6.1.2 Digital Demodulator 577

8.6.2 Indirect Demodulator 577

8.6.2.1 PLL Demodulation Process 579

8.6.2.2 PLL States 580

8.6.2.3 PLL Features 580

8.6.3 Phase Demodulator 580

8.6.4 Frequency Discriminators 581

8.6.4.1 Differentiators 581

8.6.4.2 Tuned Circuits 583

8.7 FM Transmitter and Receiver 584

8.7.1 Transmitter 584

8.7.2 SNR and Bandwidth Trade-off 586

8.7.3 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis 586

8.7.4 Receiver 588

8.8 Noise Effect in FM 588

8.9 Overview of FM and PM Features 594

8.9.1 Merits 594

8.9.2 Demerits 594

8.9.3 Applications 595

8.10 Summary 595

Questions 595

9 Sampling 599

9.1 Introduction 599

9.2 Sampling Theorem 599

9.3 Proof of Sampling Theorem 600

9.3.1 Lowpass Signals 602

9.3.2 Bandpass Signals 603

9.3.3 Sampling at Nyquist Rate 606

9.4 Aliasing 607

9.5 Anti-alias Filter 613

9.6 Non-instantaneous Sampling 615

9.6.1 Natural Sampling 616

9.6.2 Flat-top Sampling 618

9.6.3 Aperture Effect 622

9.7 Summary 623

Questions 624

Reference 625

10 Digital Baseband Coding 627

10.1 Introduction 627

10.2 Concept and Classes of Quantisation 628

10.3 Uniform Quantisation 634

10.3.1 Quantisation Noise 635

10.3.2 Dynamic Range of a Quantiser 636

10.3.3 Signal-to-quantisation-noise Ratio (SQNR) 636

10.3.4 Design Considerations 639

10.3.5 Demerits of Uniform Quantisation 640

10.4 Nonuniform Quantisation 641

10.4.1 Compressor Characteristic 642

10.4.2 A-law Companding 644

10.4.3 𝜇-law Companding 645

10.4.4 Companding Gain and Penalty 647

10.4.5 Practical Nonlinear PCM 650

10.4.6 SQNR of Practical Nonlinear PCM 657

10.5 Differential PCM (DPCM) 661

10.5.1 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 664

10.5.2 Delta Modulation 664

10.5.2.1 Quantisation Error 664

10.5.2.2 Prediction Filter 666

10.5.2.3 Design Parameters 666

10.5.2.4 Merits and Demerits of DM 666

10.5.2.5 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) 668

10.5.2.6 Delta Sigma Modulation 668

10.6 Low Bit Rate Speech Coding 668

10.6.1 Waveform Coders 671

10.6.2 Vocoders 671

10.6.2.1 IMBE 672

10.6.2.2 LPC 672

10.6.2.3 MELP 673

10.6.3 Hybrid Coders 673

10.6.3.1 APC 673

10.6.3.2 MPE-LPC 673

10.6.3.3 CELP 673

10.7 Line Codes 674

10.7.1 NRZ Codes 674

10.7.2 RZ Codes 675

10.7.3 Biphase Codes 676

10.7.4 RLL Codes 676

10.7.5 Block Codes 677

10.8 Summary 680

Reference 681

Questions 681

11 Digital Modulated Transmission 683

11.1 Introduction 683

11.2 Orthogonality of Energy Signals 687

11.3 Signal Space 689

11.3.1 Interpretation of Signal-space Diagrams 690

11.3.2 Complex Notation for 2D Signal Space 693

11.3.3 Signal-spaceWorked Examples 694

11.4 Digital Transmission Model 699

11.5 Noise Effects 701

11.6 Symbol and Bit Error Ratios 703

11.6.1 Special Cases 705

11.6.2 Arbitrary Binary Transmission 708

11.7 Binary Modulation 712

11.7.1 ASK 712

11.7.2 PSK 714

11.7.3 FSK 715

11.7.3.1 Generation 715

11.7.3.2 Spectrum 716

11.7.3.3 Frequency Spacing and MSK 716

11.7.4 Minimum Transmission Bandwidth 718

11.8 Coherent Binary Detection 719

11.8.1 ASK Detector 719

11.8.2 PSK Detector 721

11.8.3 FSK Detector 721

11.9 Noncoherent Binary Detection 723

11.9.1 Noncoherent ASK Detector 725

11.9.2 Noncoherent FSK Detector 727

11.9.3 DPSK 727

11.10 M-ary Transmission 730

11.10.1 Bandwidth Efficiency 730

11.10.2 M-ary ASK 732

11.10.2.1 M-ary ASK Modulator 732

11.10.2.2 M-ary ASK Detector 734

11.10.2.3 BER of M-ary ASK 734

11.10.3 M-ary PSK 737

11.10.3.1 QPSK Modulator and Detector 738

11.10.3.2 M-ary PSK Modulator and Detector 740

11.10.3.3 BER of M-ary PSK 743

11.10.4 M-ary FSK 746

11.10.4.1 M-ary FSK Modulator and Detector 746

11.10.4.2 BER of M-ary FSK 746

11.10.4.3 Noise-bandwidth Trade-off in M-ary FSK 748

11.10.5 M-ary APSK 749

11.10.5.1 16-APSK 749

11.10.5.2 BER of Square M-ary APSK 752

11.11 Design Parameters 754

11.12 Summary 757

Reference 758

Questions 759

12 Pulse Shaping and Detection 763

12.1 Introduction 763

12.2 Anti-ISI Filtering 765

12.2.1 Nyquist Filtering 767

12.2.2 Raised Cosine Filtering 769

12.2.3 Square Root Raised Cosine Filtering 771

12.2.4 Duobinary Signalling 774

12.2.4.1 Cosine Filter 774

12.2.4.2 Signal Power Trade-off 777

12.2.4.3 Sine Filter 778

12.2.4.4 Polybinary Signalling 779

12.3 Information Capacity Law 780

12.4 The Digital Receiver 787

12.4.1 Adaptive Equalisation 787

12.4.2 Matched Filter 787

12.4.2.1 Specification of a Matched Filter 788

12.4.2.2 Matched Filter by Correlation 790

12.4.2.3 Matched FilterWorked Examples 791

12.4.3 Clock Extraction 797

12.4.4 Eye Diagrams 799

12.5 Summary 799

References 801

Questions 801

13 Multiplexing Strategies 805

13.1 Introduction 805

13.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 809

13.2.1 General Concepts 809

13.2.2 Demerits of Flat-level FDM 812

13.2.3 Future of FDM Technology 813

13.2.4 FDM Hierarchies 814

13.2.4.1 UK System 816

13.2.4.2 European System 820

13.2.4.3 Bell System 821

13.2.4.4 Nonvoice Signals 822

13.2.5 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 823

13.3 Time Division Multiplexing 825

13.3.1 General Concepts 825

13.3.2 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 827

13.3.2.1 E1 System 827

13.3.2.2 T1 and J1 Systems 832

13.3.2.3 PDH Problems 838

13.3.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 838

13.3.3.1 SDH Rates 839

13.3.3.2 SDH Frame Structure 839

13.3.3.3 SONET 844

13.3.4 ATM 846

13.3.4.1 ATM Layered Architecture 847

13.3.4.2 ATM Network Components 850

13.3.4.3 ATM Cell Header 851

13.3.4.4 ATM Features Summary 852

13.3.4.5 ATM Versus IP 852

13.4 Code Division Multiplexing 853

13.4.1 Types of Spread Spectrum Modulation 853

13.4.2 CDM Transmitter 856

13.4.3 CDM Receiver 858

13.4.4 Crucial Features of CDM 863

13.4.4.1 Synchronisation 863

13.4.4.2 Cross-correlation of PN Codes 864

13.4.4.3 Power Control 864

13.4.4.4 Processing Gain 866

13.5 Multiple Access 867

13.5.1 FDMA 868

13.5.2 TDMA 869

13.5.3 CDMA 871

13.5.4 Hybrid Schemes 872

13.6 Summary 873

Questions 874

Appendix A Character Codes 877

Appendix B Trigonometric Identities 883

Appendix C Tables and Constants 885

C.1 Constants 885

C.2 SI Units 886

C.3 Complementary Error Function erfc(x) and Q function Q(x) 887

Index 891

About the Author

IFIOK OTUNG, holds a PhD in Satellite Communications from the University of Surrey, UK and First-Class Honours and Master's degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Ife, Nigeria. He is a Chartered Engineer and award-winning academic who has made significant contributions to engineering education and research around the world over many years, especially in the UK, Europe, US, Canada, India, China, Japan and Africa. His professional memberships include the IET (Institution of Engineering and Technology) and AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics). For more information on Professor Otung's professional affiliations and work, see https://professorifiokotung.com/.

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