Since 1960, the burden of adolescent illness has shifted from the traditional causes of disease to the more behavior-related problems, such as drinking, smoking and drug abuse (nearly half of American adolescents have used an illicit drug sometime during their life). Instilling in adolescents the knowledge, skills, and values that foster physical and mental health will require substantial changes in the way health professionals work and the way they connect with families, schools, and community organizations. At the same time, the major textbooks on addiction medicine and addiction psychiatry devote relatively little attention to the special problems of diagnosing and treating adolescent addicts. Similarly, the major textbooks on general and child and adolescent psychiatry direct relatively little attention to the issues surrounding adolescent addiction. The Clinical Handbook of Adolescent Addiction is one response to the challenge of meeting the mental health needs and behavior-related problems of addicted teenagers. The work has been edited as an independent project by members of the American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry, the oldest professional organization of psychiatrists devoted solely to the mental health care and treatment of teenagers in the USA. The forensic psychiatry perspective permeates the entire book. It will help to produce health providers with a deep and sensitive understanding of the developmental needs and behavior-related problems of adolescents. The Clinical Handbook of Adolescent Addiction is a practical tool for all those who help adolescents: practitioners of family medicine, general psychiatrists, child/adolescent psychiatrists, adolescent psychiatrists, addiction psychiatrists, non-psychiatric physicians specializing in addiction medicine, forensic psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, mental health administrators, Court/Probation/ Parole/Correctional health workers. The book is organized in a user-friendly format so that readers can easily locate the chapters that provide the information that is required. In some instances, topics of special importance deliberately have been addressed in more than one chapter, to illuminate the topics from a variety of vantage points. One aim of the editors is to move the topic from being a specialist area to a generalist one by providing tools for generalist to use.

Richard Rosner, M.D., D.L.F.A.P.A., F.A.C.Psych., F.A.S.A.P., F.A.A.F.S. (Psychiatry & Behavioral Science) is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Former Director of the Forensic Psychiatry Residency Program, New York University School of Medicine. Former Medical Director, Forensic Psychiatry Clinic, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY; Former President, American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry; Former President, American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law; Former President, American Academy of Forensic Sciences

List of Contributors xi Preface xv Foreword xvii THE SCOURGE OF ADOLESCENT ADDICTION 1 Edited by Richard Rosner 1 The Scourge of Addiction: What the Adolescent Psychiatrist Needs to Know 3 Richard Rosner 2 Adolescent Addictions in the United Kingdom 9 Tahira Akbar, Alex Baldacchino, and Ilana Crome ASSESSMENT OF THE SUBSTANCE-ABUSING ADOLESCENT 25 Edited by Robert Weinstock and Manuel Lopez-Leon 3 Clinical Assessment of Addiction in Adolescents 27 FarzinYaghmaie and Robert Weinstock 4 Emergency Room and Medical Evaluation 36 Christopher William Racine and Stephen Bates Billick 5 Psychological Assessment 48 Lauren Reba-Harrelson and Daniel A. Martell 6 Cultural Assessment 61 Karen B. Rosenbaum and Roxanne M. Lewin 7 Psychosocial Assessment of the Substance-Abusing Adolescent 68 Eve Maram 8 The Neurobiology of Adolescent Addiction 78 Michael Boucher and Preetpal Sandhu 9 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adolescent Substance Use Disorders 88 Todd Zorick 10 Toxicology of Substances of Abuse 99 Eleanor Vo and Dean De Crisce RISK AND PREVENTION 123 Edited by Avram H. Mack 11 Prevention of Adolescent Psychoactive Substance Use 125 Maria E. McGee and Avram H. Mack 12 Developmental Risks for Substance Use in Adolescence: Age as Risk Factor 132 Manuel Lopez-Leon and Jesse A. Raley 13 Genetic Risk Factors for Substance Use During Adolescence 139 Hallie A. Lightdale 14 Familial and Other Social Risk Factors in Adolescent Substance Use 147 Michael Brendler 15 Externalizing Disorders 154 Yasmin Jilla 16 Internalizing Disorders Among Adolescents: A Risk for Subsequent Substance Use 161 Tiffany G. Townsend and Dionne Smith Coker-Appiah 17 Risk due to Medical, Neurological, and Neurodevelopmental Conditions 170 Malena Banks and Matthew Biel CLINICAL CONDITIONS 177 Edited by Charles Scott 18 Adolescent Alcohol Use 179 Karen Miotto, Andia Heydari, Molly Tartter, Ellen Chang, Patrick S. Thomas and Lara A. Ray 19 Stimulants 190 John W. Tsuang and Kathleen McKenna 20 Cannabis Use Disorders 202 Jan Copeland and John Howard 21 Hallucinogens and Related Compounds 213 Charles S. Grob and Marlene Dobkin de Rios 22 Opioids and Sedative-Hypnotics 223 Ann Bruner, Asad Bokhari, and Marc Fishman 23 Nicotine Use Disorders 237 Kevin M. Gray, Matthew J. Carpenter, and Himanshu P. Upadhyaya 24 Emerging Clinical Conditions 247 Christopher R. Thompson and Lauren Reba-Harrelson TREATMENT 265 Edited by Timothy W. Fong 25 Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes 267 Rachel Gonzales, Mary Lynn Brecht, and Richard A. Rawson 26 Translating Evidence-Based Therapies into Outpatient Practice 271 Ara Anspikian 27 Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 282 Richard Rosner 28 Relapse Prevention 289 Richard Rosner 29 Adolescent Intensive Outpatient Treatment 295 Tiffany Tsai 30 Adolescent Behaviors Out of Control: An Introduction to Adolescent Residential Treatment 301 Reef Karim 31 Adolescent Group Treatments: Twelve-Step and Beyond 306 Jeremy Martinez 32 Psychopharmacology for the Addicted Adolescent 311 Timothy W. Fong 33 What's Old is New: Motivational Interviewing for Adolescents 321 Lois T. Flaherty SPECIAL ISSUES IN ADOLESCENT ADDICTION 327 Edited by Stephen Bates Billick and Dean De Crisce 34 Substance Abuse Impact on Adolescent Brain Development 329 Adam Raff 35 Neuropsychological Effects of Substance Abuse in Adolescents 340 Diane Scheiner, Ari Kalechstein, and Wilfred G. van Gorp 36 Trauma and Adolescent Addiction 350 Michal Kunz 37 Sexual Addiction and Hypersexual Behaviors in Adolescents 362 Dean De Crisce 38 Sexting, Cybersex, and Internet Use: the Relationship Between Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Electronic Technologies 377 Abigail M. Judge and Fabian M. Saleh 39 The Therapeutic Community for the Adolescent Substance Abuser 390 Gregory C. Bunt and Virginia A. Stanick 40 Treatment Issues for Youths with Substance Abuse in Juvenile Detention 405 Eraka Bath, Le Ondra Clark, and Julie Y. Low FORENSIC CONSIDERATIONS 417 Edited by Robert Lloyd Goldstein 41 Forensic Psychiatry for Adolescent Psychiatrists: An Introduction 419 Richard Rosner 42 Ethical Considerations in Adolescent Addiction 423 Robert Weinstock 43 Informed Consent, Parental Consent, and the Right to Refuse Treatment 430 Jack A. Gottschalk and Daniel P. Greenfield 44 Third Party Liability for Supplying Adolescents with Illegal Substances 438 Daniel P. Greenfield and Jack A. Gottschalk 45 Older Adolescents in Drug Court: Hammering the Revolving Door Shut 445 Laura A. Ward 46 Confidentiality and Informed Consent Issues in Treatment for Adolescent Substance Abuse 457 Robert Lloyd Goldstein 47 Saving Adolescents 464 Richard Rosner Index 471