Table of Contents

1 Environmental Considerations 2 Invertebrate Classification and Relationships 3 The Protozoan Protists 4 The Poriferans and Placozoans 5 Introduction to the Hydrostatic Skeleton 6 The Cnidarians 7 The Ctenophores 8 The Platyhelminthes 9 The Gnathifera: Rotifers, Acanthocephalans, and two smaller groups10 The Rotifers and Acanthocephalans 11 The Nemertines 12 The Molluscs 13 The Annelids 14 The Arthropods 15 Two Phyla of Likely Arthropod Relatives: Tardigrada and Onychophora 16 The Nematodes 17 Four Phyla of Likely Nematode Relatives: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, and Loricifera 18 Three Phyla of Uncertain Affiliation: Gastrotricha, Chaetognatha, and Cyliophora 19 The Lophophorates (Phoronids, Brachiopods, Bryozoans) and Entoprocts 20 The Echinoderms 21 The Hemichordates 22 The Xenoturbellids23 The Nonvertebrate Chordates 24 Invertebrate Reproduction and Development--An Overview