Bio-nanotechnology is the key functional technology of the 21st century. It is a fusion of biology and nanotechnology based on the principles and chemical pathways of living organisms, and refers to the functional applications of biomolecules in nanotechnology. It encompasses the study, creation, and illumination of the connections between structural molecular biology, nutrition and nanotechnology, since the development of techniques of nanotechnology might be guided by studying the structure and function of the natural nano-molecules found in living cells. Biology offers a window into the most sophisticated collection of functional nanostructures that exists. This book is a comprehensive review of the state of the art in bio-nanotechnology with an emphasis on the diverse applications in food and nutrition sciences, biomedicine, agriculture and other fields. It describes in detail the currently available methods and contains numerous references to the primary literature, making this the perfect "field guide" for scientists who want to explore the fascinating world of bio-nanotechnology. Safety issues regarding these new technologies are examined in detail. The book is divided into nine sections - an introductory section, plus: * Nanotechnology in nutrition and medicine * Nanotechnology, health and food technology applications * Nanotechnology and other versatile applications * Nanomaterial manufacturing * Applications of microscopy and magnetic resonance in nanotechnology * Applications in enhancing bioavailability and controlling pathogens * Safety, toxicology and regulatory aspects * Future directions of bio-nanotechnology The book will be of interest to a diverse range of readers in industry, research and academia, including biologists, biochemists, food scientists, nutritionists and health professionals.

Debasis Bagchi, PhD, MAC N, CNS, MAIC hE, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA Manashi Bagchi, PhD, FAC N, NutriToday LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Hiroyoshi Moriyama, PhD, FAC N, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan Fereidoon Shahidi, PhD, FAC S, FAOC S, FCIC , FCI FST, FIA FoST, FIFT, FRSC, Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

Foreword xi Preface xii Contributors xv PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials: An Overview 3 Sunil K. Singh, Paresh P. Kulkarni, Debabrata Dash Chapter 2 The Challenge of Nanotechnology-Derived Food: Addressing the Concerns of the Public 33 Tomiko Yamaguchi Chapter 3 Nanotechnology and Public Health: Contributions, Promises, and Premises 47 Masami Matsuda, Ayako Goto, Toshio Ogino, Yoshiaki Tanaka PART 2 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN NUTRITION AND MEDICINE 67 Chapter 4 Functional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Research: Focus on Bio-Functionalization, Biosynthesis, and Biomedical Applications 69 Murugan Veerapandian, Sathya Sadhasivam, Ramesh Subbiah, Kyusik Yun Chapter 5 An Overview of Nanoparticle-Assisted Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology 97 Cenchao Shen, Zhizhou Zhang Chapter 6 A Revolution in Nanomedicines 107 Iulian Bobe, Mitsunori Harada, Ichiro Nakatomi Chapter 7 Nanotechnology for Regenerative Medicine 124 Yoshikazu Kumashiro, Masayuki Yamato, Teruo Okano PART 3 NANOTECHNOLOGY, HUMAN HEALTH AND APPLICATIONS 141 Chapter 8 Novel Technologies for the Production of Functional Foods 143 Jack Appiah Ofori, Yun-Hwa Peggy Hsieh Chapter 9 Nanomedicine: The Revolution of the Big Future with Tiny Medicine 163 Danny D. Meetoo Chapter 10 Application of gamma-Cyclodextrin in Nanomedicinal Foods and Cosmetics 179 Yukiko Uekaji, Ayako Jo, Akihito Urano, Keiji Terao Chapter 11 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications 212 Maurizio Avella, Roberto Avolio, Emilia Di Pace, Maria Emanuela Errico, Gennaro Gentile, Maria Grazia Volpe Chapter 12 Ultrasound-Mediated Delivery Systems: Using Nano/Microbubbles or Bubble Liposomes 227 Kazuo Maruyama, Ryo Suzuki, Yusuke Oda, Yoko Endo-Takahashi, Yoichi Negishi Chapter 13 Nanoprobes and Quantum Dots: Employing Nanotechnology to Watch Biology 246 Shampa Chatterjee Chapter 14 Enhanced Optical Biosensors Based on Nanoplasmonics 252 Kyujung Kim, Youngjin Oh, Donghyun Kim Chapter 15 Nano-Biosensors for Mimicking Gustatory and Olfactory Senses 270 Kiyoshi Toko, Takeshi Onodera, Yusuke Tahara Chapter 16 Nanoparticles Inducing Simultaneous Bioreaction in Living Organisms: Critical Sizes for Transition of Biointeractive Behavior 292 Fumio Watari Chapter 17 Analysis of Immunological Reactions to Nanoscale Foods: Possible Occurrence of Allergic Reaction to Nanoscale Food Particles 304 Eisuke F. Sato, Maki Hashimoto, Masayasu Inoue Chapter 18 An Overview of Green Nanotechnology 311 Kelvii Wei Guo Chapter 19 Characterization of Biopolymer and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites with Antimicrobial Activity 355 Jong-Whan Rhim Chapter 20 Nanotechnology and its Use in Agriculture 383 Alejandro Pérez-de-Luque, M. Carmen Hermosín Chapter 21 Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Steroids: A Review 399 Megumu Higaki Chapter 22 Nanocomposites for Food Packaging: An Overview 406 Tie Lan Chapter 23 Nanotechnology in Cosmetic Products 414 Howard A. Epstein, Alexander Kielbassa Chapter 24 Potential Medical Applications of Fullerenes: An Overview 424 Seema Thakral, Naveen Kumar Thakral PART 4 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND OTHER VERSATILE DIVERSE APPLICATIONS 443 Chapter 25 Biomedical Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 445 Sunil K. Singh, Paresh P. Kulkarni, Debabrata Dash Chapter 26 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application to Nanotechnology 464 Wojtek Tutak, Sara Reynaud, Rajen B. Patel Chapter 27 Characterization of Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles as Emulsifi ers 476 Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Yoshihiro Saito, Debasis Bagchi Chapter 28 Application of Poly(gamma -Glutamic Acid)-Based Nanoparticles as Antigen Delivery Carriers in Cancer Immunotherapy 487 Kazuhiko Matsuo, Naoki Okada, Shinsaku Nakagawa Chapter 29 Basic Characterization of Nanobubbles and Their Potential Applications 506 Seiichi Oshita, Tsutomu Uchida PART 5 NANOMATERIAL MANUFACTURING 517 Chapter 30 Formulation and Characterization of Nanodispersions Composed of Dietary Materials for the Delivery of Bioactive Substances 519 Takashi Kuroiwa, Jun Watanabe, Sosaku Ichikawa Chapter 31 Production of Nanoscale Foods Using High-Pressure Emulsifi cation Technology 531 Kazuyuki Takagi Chapter 32 Production of Monodisperse Fine Dispersions by Microchannel/Nanochannel Emulsification 542 Isao Kobayashi, Marcos A. Neves, Sosaku Ichikawa, Takashi Kuroiwa PART 6 APPLICATIONS OF MICROSCOPY AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 557 Chapter 33 Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy in Food Nanotechnology 559 Hiroshi Muramatsu, Junichi Wakayama, Kazumi Tsukamoto, Shigeru Sugiyama Chapter 34 Applications of NMR to Biomolecular Systems of Interactions: An Overview 573 Shinya Hanashima, Yoshiki Yamaguchi PART 7 APPLICATIONS IN ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILITY AND CONTROLLING PATHOGENS 593 Chapter 35 Bioavailability and Delivery of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Using Nanotechnology 595 Hailong Yu, Qingrong Huang Chapter 36 Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds in Micron/Submicron-Sized Dispersions Using Microchannel Emulsifi cation or High-Pressure Homogenization 605 Marcos A. Neves, Isao Kobayashi, Henelyta S. Ribeiro, Katerina B. Fujiu Chapter 37 Nanometric-Size Delivery Systems for Bioactive Compounds for the Nutraceutical and Food Industries 619 Francesco Donsì, Mariarenata Sessa, Giovanna Ferrari Chapter 38 Nanoemulsion Technology for Delivery of Nutraceuticals and Functional-Food Ingredients 667 Luz Sanguansri, Christine M. Oliver, Fernando Leal-Calderon Chapter 39 Nanotechnology and Nonpolar Active Compounds in Functional Foods: An Application Note 697 Philip J. Bromley PART 8 SAFETY, TOXICOLOGY AND REGULATORY ASPECTS 705 Chapter 40 How Standards Inform the Regulation of Bio-nanotechnology 707 Martha E. Marrapese Chapter 41 FDA and Nanotech: Baby Steps Lead to Regulatory Uncertainty 720 Raj Bawa Chapter 42 Toxicity and Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials: An Update 733 Paresh C. Ray, Anant Kumar Singh, Dulal Senapati, Zhen Fan, Hongtao Yu Chapter 43 Nanoparticle-Lung Interactions and Their Potential Consequences for Human Health 749 Craig A. Poland, Martin J. D. Clift PART 9 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN BIO-NANOTECHNOLOGY 777 Chapter 44 Bio-Nanotechnology: A Journey Back to the Future 779 Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Fereidoon Shahidi Index 783 Colour plate section 1 falls between pages 254 and 255 Colour plate section 2 falls between pages 574 and 575